Knowledge and bias

Today in history and science there is a lot of different bias that can be seen through everyday life. The question that I am trying to answer is if we can obtain knowledge despite bias and selection in history and science. There are three mall types of bias that we can see In today's world, firstly there Is cultural bias which has to do with blabs relating to culture, religion and personal practices and then there Is confirmation bias which is when someone is trying to prove a point and ignores all evidence which old contradict him.Both these types of bias can be found in history, however also in science there is the second type of bias when a scientist has an hypothesis and does experiments, selecting data which proves his idea. Despite what people say about selection, it is proven that selection helps us cut down all the knowledge that we obtained, otherwise there would be too much to analyze and Interpret at the same time. If all the huge amounts of knowledge were to be used there would be too much and it would defer us from the truth. Body:Both history and science since the beginning of time have contributed to help us a lot to develop both socially, economically and politically. History has taught us about the past and what must not be repeated in the future. Science on the other hand has managed to explain the way the world works and show us new technologies that have helped us for many years. However in both Science and history there will still always be someone that will contradict another person's point of view. It is for these many reasons that bias and selection are constantly present in our world today.In story there Is bias through deferent interpretations of documents and sources and In Science there Is selection when a scientist follows one specific method and doesn't History today, as I said before, is often based on cultural bias which can mostly be seen through political, religious and moral views that may contradict each other. When Historian s write new interpretations on history they do not all have the same cultural background or the same sources, so in general they all have different points of views that will obviously not be agreed on.In science we may question some experiments as we do not know if the scientist used the best possible method nor do we know if he used the best materials and variables to conduct his experiment and find the best possible result in the end. History is the study of evidence we have of the past and it is based on human affairs. However history has always been passed on from generation to generation by documents and recording.But when we think about this idea we may feel that the information that is passed from generation to generation cannot be totally reliable as we do not know for certain if the truth is ally stated in the documents or if the person who wrote the account Just wanted to censor the information to hide personal facts about certain events. History without bias and selection is hard to find as sources are already based on a certain point of view and we can only observe what that particular person believes.It is for this reason that so many books have been written in history as if there was no bias or selection we could Just write one big book with the same point of view. The bias in history can be double because we have the point of view of the witness and then the as of the historian. The worst about this idea is that it can really distort the facts so that we don't know what to believe. When referring to selection in history, it all depends on the historians analyzing different sources, he may have national or cultural bias that influenced his understanding.Some historians might believe one point of view whereas another one may believe the opposite. Selection is history is inevitable and a lot depends on what the historian has learnt in his life before he chooses the best possible sources. As for example if a historian learnt since the ginning of his life that communism was the best economic system, he will base his knowledge on what he has known for his whole life and be very critical of capitalism. How can we trust sources that we are not sure they are giving us real facts?In history there have always been hidden documents and hidden agendas in order to keep a country under control. On the other hand there is an argument that states that knowledge in history can be obtain despite bias and selection because history is about people and so if we know about their point of view, we know more about why wings happened and hoe people felt at that time. This is important but we have to be careful and try our best to find sources that show both sides of the information researched, it also important to know the cultural bias of a historian before we believe totally what he says.If we look at science today it has helped us a lot in the world as it has developed technology which has made our lives a lot easier. When referring to selection in science we notice that each time a new experiment is conducted the results may change a little. It is for that reason that scientist use specific methods, variables and materials in order to get almost the same results each time. It is in this idea that we see selection as scientists are forced to choose specific methods, variables and materials.But how can the scientist know that the methods he is using are the most efficient ones? In science topic bias can be seen as money from research. For example in Science the holes in the ozone layer have been a trend for many years in which scientists have told the people of the world to use more renewable energy. But how can we be sure that using renewable energy will really help us? Science is constantly changing due to new technologies that make experiments less selective and give a less biased point of view.It is in this idea that we can say that technology is the key to developing science and being more sure of the knowledge we get from it. For example a scientist from European background may have different interpretations of results in comparison with the scientist from Saudi Arabia due to their religious beliefs and cultural background. Conclusion: In conclusion I believe that science and history are both very important in human development and I believe that even with bias and selection we are able to attain knowledge..I believe that in history bias and selection cannot be ignored, and that they are a very important part of understanding the human and emotional side of what happened. However in science bias and selection will decrease when more technologies are developed in order to decrease this bias and selection, which will let scientists, conduct their experiments, and repeat them systematically to show they are free of bias.

The Play Develops Essay

Eddie, Beatrice and Catherine, living a cocooned life in Red Hook, Brooklyn. Then came Marco and Rodolpho, Beatrice’s cousins from Italy, and their insignificant world was turned upside down, and a series of events lead to Eddie’s demise. During the first act of the play, there are three important events to take into consideration when discussing Eddie and Beatrice’s relationship. Catherine is offered a job and is delighted at the opportunity to earn money and become a working woman. However, she wants to gain Beatrice’s support before telling Eddie about this chance. When she does tell Eddie he is defiant that she will not take this job. This upsets Catherine because she needs Eddie’s approval, as she sees him as a father figure. Beatrice encourages Catherine, but Eddie is pessimistic about the whole opportunity. He makes up excuses as to why she shouldn’t accept the job; such as â€Å"I don’t like that neighbourhood over there. † In reality Eddie is keen to protect her a while longer, and he doesn’t want to let her go and gain independence. In Eddie’s eyes, no one is good enough for Catherine, and he doesn’t want her to be talked about the way Longshoreman talk about other girls. Eddie never admits to protecting Catherine, and Beatrice never actually says this, but it is implied. This is one trait of their relationship- Beatrice’s respect for Eddie in the way that although many things are implied, Beatrice never comes out and says them in case she offends Eddie. This is obvious in the first act of the play, but towards the end this changes. This is also one of the first times there is an implication of an unnatural relationship between Eddie and Catherine. Eddie loves her greatly, and Catherine sees him as a father figure, but Beatrice can see a different side to Eddie’s love, and implies that he loves her in the wrong way. This is only implied all the way through the play, until right at the end. Before the cousins arrive there is an air of expectancy and anticipation. Nai ve Catherine asks what happens if someone asks about the cousins, and Eddie is quick to tell her ‘If you said you knew it, if you didn’t say it you didn’t know it. † There is a code of conduct to be obeyed, and that code is that you never talk about the immigrants or admit knowledge of them- you simply feign ignorance. No one would dare tell the Immigration Bureau for fear of being ostracized from the society. The irony of this code of conduct can be seen later on when Eddie rings the Bureau and snitches on Marco and Rodolpho. When the cousins finally arrive, there is some chemistry between Catherine and Rodolpho, and the audience can see something may develop between them. Eddie senses this, and when talking to the cousins, focuses his attention on Marco. Catherine and Beatrice appreciate Rodolpho’s good humour and enthusiasm, and this makes Eddie uncomfortable. Eddie attempts to prevent Rodolpho from forming a relationship with Catherine. Beatrice feels he should not be interfering, but only implies this. The cousin’s arrival is a turning point in Eddie’s life, as Catherine starts to gain independence and discover the fact she can love someone who is not Eddie.

A company shall be deemed to be a subsidiary of another

A company shall be deemed to be a subsidiary of another Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . A company shall be deemed to be a subsidiary of another According to section 4 of the Companies Act, a company shall be deemed to be a subsidiary of another, if and only if: (a) that other controls the compositions of its Board of directors; or (b) that other holds more than half in nominal value of its equity share capital(where a company had preference share holders, before commencement of the Companies Act,1956, enjoying voting rights with that of equity shareholder, for the purpose of control, holding company should enjoy more than half of the total voting power)   [ 1 ]   ; or (c) the first-mentioned company is a subsidiary of any company which is that other’s subsidiary. For example, where company B is a subsidiary of company A and company C is a subsidiary of company B then company C shall be the subsidiary of company A. if company D is a subsidiary of company C, then company D shall also be a subsidiary of company B and consequently also of company A.   [ 2 ]    In the case of M.Velayudhan v. Registrar of Companies   [ 3 ]   the position regarding holding-subsidiary relationship was extensively laid down : â€Å"Sec. 4 envisages the existence of subsidiary companies in different situations. It may be that by acquiring sufficient share capital of a company, sufficient control may be obtained over the company to enable control in the composition of BOD. But, it is also possible to obtain such control in regard to the composition of the BOD without making such an in equity capital of the company. Such control may be by reason of an agreement such as where one company may agree to advance funds to another company and in return may, under the term of an agreement, gain control over the right to appoint all or a majority of BOD. The first of the cases envisaged in section 4 is the case where a control is obtained by a company in the matter of composition of the BOD of another company. That would be sufficient to constitute the former as holding company and the other as subsidiary. The second type of cases is where more than half of the nominal value of the equity share capital is held by another company. By virtue of such holding that other company becomes a holding company and the one whose share are so held becomes a subsidiary company. The third case envisaged is where The Use Of Subsidiary Corporations The control of subsidiaries may be accomplished through the creation of a separate corporation to handle a distinct phase of the company’s business, or through the purchase of interests in companies previously existing, the main corporation being in this case the holding company. The use of subsidiary corporations is becoming more and more extensive. A certain manufacturing corporation, for instance, has one operating company, one selling company, one purchasing company, one company owning a short railroad, one real estate company to buy land and erect buildings, and another company to operate these build ings. The United Cigar Stores Company also has a distinct corporation for the handling of its real estate operations.

Non-identity problem and the ethics of climate change Essay

Non-identity problem and the ethics of climate change - Essay Example The incoming research will prove our current choices should not deter the pace of development since nature has a way of providing its recipients. As such, humankind should stop taking responsibility of non-identity problem. According to scientist, when it comes to climate change, the future generation will depend on the decisions we make now. However, these decisions are made by a few who happen to own or control the authority. The adoption of neither regime will result to distant successors leading lives, which are not worth living. Convincingly, it appears that the adoption of Kyoto protocol over-contraction and convergence will not result in any particular future persons that are harmed so long as we hold that harmed person worse off than it would have been had the harming actions, which were performed. Reflectively, choosing Kyoto Lite would benefits more members currently as well as, future generations that will require extensive sacrifices of the contraction and convergence that will require developed countries to reduced the well being of different persons. The underlying argument is that if we believe that ethics and justice are identities which dependent on the structure, then the actions of t hat particular believe might change over time. To defragment the above statement logically, we invite the non-identity problem. Non-identity problem questions our duties to future generations. As noted, duties to these descendants whose identities are beyond our current influence are those which instruct our current behavior. Justifiably, the Kyoto protocol grounded its identity on independent goals such as utility maximization or the perfection of the human species. However, there are deontological concerns and objections that are applied to explain the wrong-doing in such cases. These are the intentions and state of mind of policy choosers. Reflectively, since-oriented or the identity

Philosophy - Heidegger - Being in Time - selected sections Research Paper

Philosophy - Heidegger - Being in Time - selected sections - Research Paper Example 303). It appears that to facilitate the conception of Dasein in a holistic way, Dasein’s being from birth to death should be studied. However, this is not possible in our context, because provided that we are capable of studying anything, we are not dead yet. Heidegger claims that we could however understand our Dasein holistically and that we could be entirely ourselves if we take on a genuine connection to our death, and, certainly, that genuineness is simply being myself â€Å"in an impassioned freedom toward death—a freedom that has been released from the illusions of the One, and which is factical, certain of itself, and anxious† (Heidegger 1978, 311). The likelihood of being genuine is revealed to us in the appeal of conscience, which provokes us to be prepared for Angst and to be determined in understanding what we have chose to carry out. Authenticity is described as a determined expectation of our own death, which allows us to reconnect with our being in totality. As stated by Heidegger (1978), â€Å"Being-towards-death is the anticipation of a potentiality-for-Being of that entity whose kind of Being is anticipation itself† (ibid, p.

W1 Asig Datawarehouse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

W1 Asig Datawarehouse - Essay Example ch, in one’s corporate setting where IT is deemed a crucial source of information and response to inquiries needed by other departments, especially by the marketing department, the apparently slow response could be attributed to the sources of information that needs to be tapped before it could be disseminated to end users. The model below clearly depicts the flow of information from operational systems to end users: From the conceptual framework, it could be deduced that the operational systems undergo a series of processes on the information or data upon solicitation: extraction, integration, cleansing, and transformation. This information is then stored in the organization’s data warehouse to serve varied needs and demands of the users. The cause of delays in soliciting data from the external environment could be diverse: from frequent changes in factors affecting the external environment to the need to update currently available information. As emphasized, â€Å"reports generated in high data volume environments normally take a long time to run. To speed up report generation, many systems use tools that employ a summarization technique to reduce the amount of records by aggregating records together with common characteristics. Problem with this technique includes inherent inflexibility and inability to cope with the constantly changing information needs of manufacturing† (MAIA Intelligence, 2009, p. 4). Overall, the information gathered by the IT department needs to be processed and transformed in the most accurate manner before being transformed and stored to the organization’s data warehouse. As such, the delay should be understandable given the volume of information from the external environment that needs to be summarized and integrated according to the users’ needs. Concurrently, experts in BI has asserted that â€Å"business leaders want to obtain real metrics and near-real-time, linked directly to the business processes, system data and insights

Summary 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Summary 3 - Essay Example On the other hand, other people like and encourage the violence in hockey. They see it as a customer magnet. Clubs sponsors and media also demand this violence since it increases profits as games are sold out and papers sell(Miedzian, 187). Therefore, a child who views these players are inclined to think naturally and Little does he or she know that the extreme violence he sees often grows more out of the owners commercial interests than players inclinations as players who do not participate in violence endanger their jobs(Miedzian, 188). A child knows violence outside sports is disapproved of but violence in sports is approved of by society. This unbalances the child who thought sports is about skill and talent but now knows sports is about winning and it means doing anything to win bad or good(Miedzian, 189).What are sports all about? It is about competitiveness not to win but to be the best. It is also about being a task master, by setting goals and achieving them. It is having self-esteem and confidence in

Catharine bond hill Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Catharine bond hill - Term Paper Example According to recent research, fully 80% of all economic majors and postgraduates within the United States are men all stop this is a shocking statistic due to the fact that women comprise upwards of 60% of all college and university enrollment within the United States at the given time. Likewise, the purpose of this brief analysis will be to underscore the importance that women play within this field and draw particular inference with regards to the impacts they can have based upon the life and experience of what can only be described as an exceptional woman within the field. In such a way, the preceding analysis will seek to draw inference based upon the life of Catherine Bond Hill and the means by which women within her profession can seek to affected impacts, whom this profession specifically aims to serve, and the overall outlook and future of this profession with regards to the analysis of current and key statistics. Furthermore, it is the hope of this author that such an analys is will be the reader to an understanding of the increased importance that women should place upon the field of economics means by which they can seek to affect the quality within this field over time. ... However, as has been described, below and extent to which women began to be represented within economics is necessarily been constrained. Although it is beyond the scope of this analysis to determine whether or not this constraint is due to natural/personal choices or a systemic level of sexism within the field, nonetheless, the rate of growth that women have seen within economics over the past half-century has been abysmally low as compared to other fields of study. This very low rate of representation is something of a unique dynamic in an arena in which equality is virtually praised to have been met (Peterson 279). Whereas many professions and fields of academics aim to serve specific segments of society, the environment, science, or philosophy, is various profession and fields are generally concentric upon facilitating a key level of value within a specific community of stakeholders. Conversely, those individuals that engage in economic studies are necessarily interested in maxim izing value for each and every stakeholder within society. Such a macro view sets this field apart from any other fields. Accordingly, the need for women to be represented within it is great due to the fact that they are able to bring a unique perspective of a previously disenfranchised and ultimately silent group that represents fully 50% of the global population. In such a manner, the reader/researcher can understand the profession aims at seeking to understand and define a level of resource allocation with regards to the ever-increasing population and never-ending human demands that are placed upon finite resources (Dimand 15). Moreover, in an age of increasing environmental destruction and the impacts of global

Plan for Positive Influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plan for Positive Influence - Essay Example In our society, individuals with different responsibilities and with different titles do important work. In the context of business, restaurant manager, chairperson, dean, production manager, governor, and human resources manager are some of the titles associated with the position of management in different parts of the globe. These individuals may work in different types of organizations with different purposes; however, they all have one thing in common. They practice management and they make efforts to manage arrangement of the work, in order to ensure cooperation among the workers, employees, staff, etc. (Hayes, 2002) Additionally, they ensure positive influence at workplace, which is essential for the success of any business organization. It is observed that during social communications and interactions, communicative algorithms play an important role that have been referred as interpersonal skills, which facilitate and impact significantly on positivity of the workplace. Within business organizations, social communication and interactions is the major tool that is utilized by managers to operate and manage the employees in an efficient manner. In other words, interpersonal skills can be referred as an art that is used at the time of interacting with one another. It is indicated by the experts that interpersonal skills are key factors in the reduction of conflict within the workplace, and managers should refer these skills as a communicative respect for the workers. It is an observation that tasks are completed efficiently and professionally, when the information is obtained, processed, and employed with the help of interpersonal skills by the employees, especially the managers in an organization. (Gootnick, 1999) For instance, the interpersonal skill trains the manager to interrupt work of an employee with

Managerial Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Managerial Finance - Essay Example Any effort that could increase profits above the hurdle will be ignored since the manager after meeting such pre-set goals will relax. Again, setting hurdles will also work against the regional executives since different policies affect investments differently according to the given country. Each country has a different inflationary level, lending rate, political stability and other cultures which together or singly affects investments. Setting a uniform hurdle rate is being unfair to countries with unfavourable investment policies. 2 Investing in Lower risk projects will normally be a favourite of the lower division managers since chances of them losing out on the investment is limited. This however, will always come with unfavourably low or unattractive incomes. While this might appear favourable to the managers, it may turn out to be a dislike of the shareholders. Shareholders would want to maximize profits without regards to risks involved, while the managers are more concerned about the risks involved in each venture. Risk is may be defined as the standard difference of return on an investment or portfolio of assets. It is measured using different methods including Value at risk. It helps business men to get prepared for the potentially turbulent market and is quoted in terms of percentage and fixed time horizon (Kwon Joon Chang, 2008). If a 77% one day of value at risk, and the security of 6%. This means that the estimate for the example is that in the next one day, there is 77% chance that the security will not lose more than 6% of its value. The equation may be written as: VaRÃŽ ± = inf{x Ï µ R: P (L > x) ≠¤ 1 – ÃŽ ±} It does not take into account the downside potential in case the portfolio encounters the one percent chance that it exceeds the loss threshold. In other words, once the losses exceed the threshold,

Street Racing Essay Example for Free

Street Racing Essay Now lets talk about a 15-17 year old kid who does not have the best judgment and make a traffic mistake, or a 17-25 year old who also makes a mistake, but should those traffic mistakes make him or her a convicted felon. Street racing goes on all over the U. S. and is so underground right now that you would not know it is even going on. We raced on the NEWS one mile from the police station. The news reporters had been at that same police station the night before interviewing the cops and the cops said they did not have a street race problem in their town, or one that they knew off. San Diego has even told the mayor it worked for them with Qualcomm Race Legal Program, but the mayor already knows that caused it worked here first with T. I. They put all these new laws into effect and this months street racing incidents have gone up with deadly results. The laws were ineffective. The Harbor Commission is all about the money, they got billions from China to land fill the area and increase the Harbor to make more land but failed to include a spot for the track, but on the other side of the harbor there is 2 vacant lots that has been sitting there for 9 years+ that could hold a track. Willie has told the mayor he could be up and running in a matter of weeks, it was up to the mayor to give him the OK. So the mayor has assigned someone from his office to work with Willie and to go over the land site. As Willie said to the mayor, there is nothing to go over I am ready to get started. But it is still the mayors call so we wait and keep calling his office and asking when is Terminal Island going to open? A soon as Terminal Island closed, San Fernando Rd in the SFV got busy, Compton and Main got busy, Alameda and Del Amo in Carson got busy, 4 lanes in City of Industry got busy (1 mile from the police station) Santa Ana Rd in Ontario got busy, Sand Canyon Rd in Irvine got busy, Nabisco in Buena Park got busy, The Box Factory in Whittier got busy, Aviation Rd near LAX got busy, Edwards in Anaheim got busy, Dale Rd and Commonwealth behind Fullerton Airport got busy, 210 frwy in San Dimas got busy (before they finished it), Bolsa Chica and Westmister Bl in Seal Beach got busy. Bolsa Chica and Bolsa near Skylab Rd in Huntington Beach got busy (Yeah NASA and again a police station a couple miles away). And there is a lot I am sure I missed, and not to worry about rat-ing out these sites, major busts happen at most of these places, and others dont exist any more, but after T. I. shut down street racing exploded again, and is still going on. That is Terminal Islands track we are talking about, it was a street racers track, if you look at the cars in the staging lanes, the street cars out number the full race cars in the evening hours. During the day the race cars would use the track, during the night the street racers used the track. When T. I. (Terminal Island) was open, street racing in Los Angeles, San Fernando, Ontario, Riverside and Orange County areas were down to null. Its city politics that keep them from opening it back up, they would rather spend millions on a street racer task force then the track. Why? Well, the task force is paid by the federal government, so the extra cops dont show on the city budget and they use these cops for other things including drug busts. In drunk driving (as many people will know) the drunk usually goes home in cuffs with a few scratches while the other cars passengers families are notified by an officer in the middle of the night. Sources: www. madd. org and www. NHRA. com The street racers I know do not condone street racing, but they do street race. It is more orginized but still just as dangerous and illegal. The street racers that make the news are the ones getting killed/or killing someone racing from stop light to stop light. I think it is a normal reaction when you are young to answer the challenge even if you are not a street racer. We had a solution it was Terminal Island. Now San Deigo had took the same steps and started Quailcom. They gave an alternitive to street racing, a place to answer the challenge. Here is how the did it. With funding from the California Office of Traffic Safety, both RaceLegal. com and San Diego Police Departments Drag Net Unit were formed with the express intention of addressing San Diegos epidemic of illegal street racing activity. A grass root community based coalition entitled the Closing the Loop approach to intervention was also developed. The coalition involved city/county government, law enforcement, Bureau of Automotive Repair, Superior Court, City Attorney, District Attorney, county probation and the safer and sanctioned track alternative to street RaceLegal. com. The award-winning program to redirect would-be street racers into organized drag racing. RaceLegal has a grant of $350,000 from the California Office of Traffic Safety. With funding from the California Office of Traffic Safety, both RaceLegal. om and San Diego Police Departments Drag Net Unit were formed with the express intention of addressing San Diegos epidemic of illegal street racing activity. A grass root community based coalition entitled the Closing the Loop approach to intervention was also developed. The coalition involved city/county government, law enforcement, Bureau of Automotive Repair, Superior Court, City Attorney, District A ttorney, county probation and the safer and sanctioned track alternative to street. The highly successful RaceLegal program hosts Friday night runs at Qualcomm Stadium. Through the middle of 2003, RaceLegal was run out of a San Diego State University program founded by Dr. Stephen Bender. When Bender decided to retire, he also decided to shift the program from the control of San Diego State to the city of San Diegos Traffic Division. Our purpose in this paper is to inform people of what is going on in So Cal. Things start here, positive or negitive, and end up spreading like a cancer to other states. Dragracing claims to have started on the West Coast. So Cal had more Dragstrips than anywhere else, and then for a while there were none, all were closing. A new interest in dragracing has developed today and more tracks are starting to open up again. One track in particular is Terminal Islands Brotherhood Raceway, whose purpose was to get street racers off the street, and did it effectively for many years. City ** politics closed it down 11 times, and it is on its 12th time of reopening again, after 13 years of being closed. There are many naysayers out there, but if this track serves as an example as how not to give up, and a track in another part of the country opens up, well, that would make it worth while to post it. Sorry there is a lot of rhetoric, but many are posts from other forums and re-posted threads that may not make as much sense if edited. Many members of the Brotherhood of Street racers from as far back as the 70s have moved all over the country. They were a part of history and like to have the heads up on current activity with the Brotherhood. This is just some history of what has been going on and how many people have helped from the Los Angeles Sheriffs Department, Los Angeles Police Department, Los Angeles city coincil members, to the Mayor of Los Angeles to name a few. We are even getting a little help from Teamsters and residents of the various streets that are being used as race tracks. I wish I was a writer and could make it more clear, but Im not, and it its very raw but very real. All constuctive criticisim is welcomed. I have reuinited with many street racers through many forums, cause car guys are car guys, even if they are into different cars, different types of racing, or just into cruising. At Brotherhood Raceway all were welcome and all got along. It was a place were the head of the notorious Crips gang got along with a head engineer from Genral Motors. Jim Wagner, head advertising from Pontiac fequented the track to name a few. ) Stop the violence, increase the peace. -Big Willie Robinson. In the Los Angeles area we have experienced many street racing deaths since a certain track that was located in the Habor of Los Angeles was closed. For ten years now, Big Willie has been fighting to get this historic track reopened. It has closed dow n 11 times in 30 years and now, today it looks like it will reopen before summer or even before next month. The reason this track is different is that it opens on Friday evening and does not close till Monday morning. Many street racers have trouble getting to the track after work and then being frustrated with only getting only one or two runs before the track closes. 2nd many street race cars do not pass NHRA tech. So they go and race on the street. This track is a street racer track. Nobody is turn away, but NHRA rules are suggested and in the long run most racers start to value their lives and start adding the safety equipment. On the street no matter how mush saftey equipment you have, it is no match for a telephone pole. Trying to get this track open is a lot of work from a lot of people, I, myself, have been to many meetings on the streets with different groups, and am attending Nieghborhood Watch meetings plus working a job, so sometimes I dont have the time to post an original post, so I post what has been posted on other boards to try to inform people on what is currentlly going on with the openinng of Terminal Islands Brotherhoood Raceway.

Accounting Principles and Health Care Essay Example for Free

Accounting Principles and Health Care Essay There are no formal accounting principles that apply to health care. However, there are five generally accepted guiding principles used in the management of the financial aspects of health care management (Cleverly, Song Cleverly, 2011). Understanding the five guiding principles are important in understanding financial information and managerial accounting and how the principles relate to health care (Cleverly et. al. ). The five principles include, accounting entity, money measurement, duality, cost valuation, and stable monetary unit. Each principle and how it relates to health care is discussed in the following (Cleverly et. al. ). Accounting Entity An accounting entity is the business or corporation that performs clear economic activities, separate from any personal economic endeavors (Accounting Tools, 2010). An accounting entity requires financial records that define financial activities (Cleverly et. al. ). In health care, accounting entities can be hospitals, clinics, or other entities that are part of a larger corporation. See more: Social process essay Accounting is geared to measure and report the financial activities of the entities under consideration. Money Measurement Money Measurement is very simply, a way to keep count and records of the incoming and outgoing revenue of the accounting entity. This is not an easy task and involves consideration of various issues (Cleverly et. al. ). Resources and liabilities have to be considered and calculated to determine accurate money measurement. Resources are also referred to as assets. Scarce resources are things, supplies, money, and other things or resources that are needed by the company in order to generate money. These resources are limited and necessary to the entities operation (Cleverly et. al. ). This may include nursing staff for heath care organizations. Other scarce resources for health care organizations may include buildings, many different kinds of medical supplies, medications, and other supplies to care for patients and maintain the organization. Assets are the resources that the organization has and the money generated. Liabilities are resources that are owed for services, supplies and other things that the organization has acquired. The ideal goal of any business is for the assets to be greater than the liabilities (Cleverly et. al. ). Duality Duality is a simple mathematical equation or rather, it seems simple. The equation states, â€Å"The value of assets must always equal the combined value of liabilities and residual interest, which we have called net assets. † (Cleverly et. al. pg. 185 para. 1) This requires balancing reports about changes in either side of the equation. In health care, for instance, changes such as buying supplies, receiving payment for services, or paying the electric bill are all transactions that require balancing the books, so to speak, so that the equation is still equal. Cost Valuation Cost Valuation can be defined as choosing the right price for services, supplies and other things of value (Hutton, 2005). Choosing the right price may be based on the history of what the entity has paid that is reflected by money measurement or may be based on other measures of what a cost should be (Cleverly et. al. . Market value is a way to assess a cost value. This seems to be favorite way with many organizations. This method is not considered objective, however and can provide different opinions on what an item is worth, making costing difficult (Cleverly et. al. ). Replacement value is another way of choosing the right price. This gives the cost of how much money it would take to replace an item or service (Cleverly et. al. ). In health care for instance, when costing an expensive piece of medical equipment, replacement value makes more sense than market value. The organization may receive different quotes on market value but replacement value should be more consistent and reliable. Stable Monetary Unit The stable money unit is our country is the dollar. The dollar is used in money measurement and other principles that have money values attached. The dollar is always the dollar but the value can change based on the economy and inflation (Cleverly et. al. ). An example of how this might impact health care is, suppose the organization, based on replacement value, has allotted a certain amount of money to purchase an expensive medical devise. Before the purchase has been made, the dollar decreases in value or is unavailable and has to be imported. The value of the dollar has changed; the country from which the item is imported from may have experienced a decrease in the value of the United States Dollar. The dollar is still a stable monetary unit though there may be fluctuations due to inflation or other events. Conclusion There are no specific hard rules that govern accounting; the five guiding principles of accounting are used to help organizations keep track of the entity’s assets and liabilities.  The principles are not perfect but serve as a guide to costing and money measurement. The stable money unit in our country is the dollar. The dollar may experience fluctuations in value but is still considered stable and how the United States measure and pay for any expenses. The five principles seem simple and as one looks into each principle further, it is noted that there are complexities and problems that must remain in the forefront of the accountant’s mind when keeping up with the financial end of any organization.

UK Supermarkets Competitive Strategy

UK Supermarkets Competitive Strategy Evaluate how UK supermarkets use market segmentation, targeting and positioning to gain a competitive advantage. 1. Introduction This paper sets out to apply basic segmentation, targeting and positioning concepts to the UK supermarket sector and will evaluate the extent to which the use of these concepts is leading to the achievement of sustainable competitive advantage with any or all of the supermarkets selected. The focus will be on the three major supermarkets: Tesco, Asda and Sainsbury. The paper will begin with an explanation of the concepts and will move on to a description of the strategic positioning of each of the major supermarkets in the current marketplace. Chapter 4 will evaluate the relative success of the three companies chosen and assess the extent to which their approach to segmentation and positioning has enabled them to achieve some measure of competitive advantage. Sources of information are: recognised marketing textbooks, articles from learned journals, newspapers and periodicals and company annual reports and websites. 2. Definitions, explanations and questions 2.1 Definitions of the basic concepts Jobber defines segmentation as â€Å"the identification of individuals or organisations with similar characteristics which have significant implications for the determination of marketing strategy.† [1] It is a process which results in the clustering of people with supposedly similar buying behaviour, such that marketing mixes can be designed to meet the specific needs and wants of people within the cluster. Once the market has been described in terms of an amalgam of homogeneous segments, companies need to decide which, if any, segments to target. Should they adopt a â€Å"niche† approach (like Morgan in the automobile sector), where only one type of vehicle is produced for a specific segment of the market, or should they adopt a â€Å"mass market coverage† approach (like Ford or GM), where vehicles are produced to appeal to the whole range of different requirements across the different segments? Positioning describes the manner by which a company differentiates its products/services from the competition within each target market. Sometimes these differences are very fine. Mercedes and BMW both have, for example, quality images and are priced high relative to most competitors but Mercedes has historically had a greater appeal among older, more conservative drivers and BMW has appealed more to those who see themselves as dynamic and thrusting.[2] 2.2 Segmentation rationale At one level the segmentation process enables companies to tailor their products or services to meet the needs of the market better than competitors and to choose segments which are aligned with their capabilities as a company. They are also able to select segments which are large enough for them to supply efficiently. Segmentation therefore facilitates differentiation, which should improve competitiveness, which should, in turn, lead to higher profitability. Barwise and Meehan draw attention to a possible fallacy in this form of reasoning. They cite the example of the different positioning strategies of One2One (now T-Mobile) and Orange in the battle for market share in the UK mobile telecoms market.[3] Orange offered â€Å"to provide a reliable, high quality overall customer experience with good value for money†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦(they) targeted the whole market, not just a specific segment.† [4] One2One, on the other hand, adopted a strongly focused, segmentation strategy. â€Å"†¦it positioned itself as a low-cost, friendly network suitable for people wanting to chat with friends†¦priority on big cities†¦free off-peak local calls.† [5] By far the most successful company (Orange) was the one which offered generic category benefits to the whole market, not a highly segmented approach. This is relevant to an understanding of success in the supermarket sector and will be referred to later. 2.3 Different forms of segmentation Marketing text books describe three basic types of segmentation: Behavioural Psychographic Profile The behavioural category covers: benefits sought, purchasing behaviour and product usage and perceptions and beliefs. The psychographic category covers: lifestyles and personality breakdowns The broad profile category covers: age, gender, stage in the life cycle, social class, geographic location, income.[6] Often a combination of variables across the categories is used. Research Services Ltd, a UK marketing research company, has developed SAGACITY, a segmentation scheme based on a combination of life cycle, occupation and income. They form 12 distinct consumer groupings with differing aspirations and behaviour patterns.[7] A.C. Nielsen, the international marketing research agency, uses a combination of all segmentation categories to describe types of shoppers in supermarkets. They break the market down into 6 distinct groupings: Habit-bound Diehards Comfortable and Contenteds Mercenaries Struggling Idealists Frenzied Copers Self-indulgents [8] The purpose of this breakdown appears to be to: match product and service delivery to the needs and wants of the different segments to identify the potentially most profitable segments One interesting point which emerged from this programme was that segments such as the â€Å"Struggling Idealists† were, at the time the TV programme was made in 2002, not of great interest to supermarkets as they did not spend a lot and insisted on organic and eco-friendly products, which did not seem to be of interest to the mass market . In just 4 years the market has changed dramatically and supermarkets are allocating significantly more shelf-space to such products and aim to attract shoppers with â€Å"green† values.[9] The segment has grown in terms of its potential value to supermarkets. This highlights the need for a creative and dynamic approach to segmentation. Orange now uses data-mining software within a sophisticated CRM (Customer Relationship Management) system to monitor segments on a day-to-day basis and to adjust its service approach accordingly. It will, for example adjust its pricing and service delivery to the value of the customer. Premium customers are immediately recognised by call-centres and accorded priority in the queuing system.[10] This keen focus on the most profitable customers contrasts with most supermarkets, which offer separate tills for customers who have not bought much, allowing them to move more quickly through the checkouts than the customers with laden trolleys. This will again be referred to in later sections. 2.4 Competitive Advantage Finally, in this chapter, a few clarifying words on the meaning, and sources, of competitive advantage, with specific reference to the supermarket sector. Grant defines the concept as follows: â€Å"When two firms compete†¦one firm possesses a competitive advantage over the other when it earns a higher rate of profit or has the potential to earn a higher rate of profit.†[11] It is important to note the main point here; competitive advantage relates to profitability or potential profitability, not to revenue, market share or more qualitative measures such as image or reputation. This is the definition which will be applied in this paper. The international consulting company, Accenture, published last year a paper called â€Å"Consuming Passions†, a study of the six leading global retailers. One of its aims was to identify the common factors which led to their high performance in the market over a long period of time.[12] It identified six core competencies which underpin high performance in the retail sector: strategic intent customer focus innovation and commercialisation operational excellence alliances and collaboration talent management[13] In the introduction to the paper the authors state: â€Å"The name of the winning game is differentiation that is meaningful and relevant to the customer base. But this isn’t just a matter of offering new products and services; those products and services must also be highly distinctive, relevant to target customers and in the right stores, with the right price and promotion combination and at the right time.†[14] These ideas will be developed further in the next chapter when examining the individual supermarket companies. 3. The Major Supermarkets 3.1 Overview The UK supermarket sector is highly concentrated. The five leading companies together have 73% of the total market. Only France has a more concentrated market, with 78% being taken up by the top five.[15] Until the mid 1990s Sainsburys was market leader but the number one position was taken by Tesco in 1996 and they have since grown market share to 30% plus of the UK market. Sainsbury is now in third position behind Asda, which was bought by Walmart in 1999. The paragraphs below briefly describe the current financial situation of each company, their strategic marketing focus and the extent to which each appears to be applying segmentation approaches. Most of the information comes from the respective company websites. 3.2 Tesco[16] In 2005 Tesco achieved sales turnover of  £37.1 bill. and profits of  £2,029m. Profits and sales have grown consistently over the past 5 years. Profits from 2004-5 grew by 20.5% on sales growth of 12.4%. The company employs 360,000 people worldwide and has 2,000 stores. 111 new stores are planned for 2006. Its long-term strategy is based on four parts: growth in the core UK business expansion from international growth to be as strong in non-food as in food to follow customers into new retailing services Tesco appears to take customer focus and staff focus very seriously. An ongoing project entitled â€Å"Every Little Helps† is in process which has used question times with more than 9,000 customers to help them to understand how they can best improve service to customers on a day-to-day basis. This has resulted in parking bays for trolleys (to stop annoying customers), extra staff on checkouts (to reduce waiting times) and fresh food counters and self-service cafes for customers in a hurry. Using their Clubcard as the data source Tesco send out mailings every quarter to 11million customers. The mailings have an annualised value to customers (if they use them) of  £250m. and can be adjusted to take account of individual customer buying behaviour. Tesco has a range of different stores in line with its belief that: â€Å"Customers have different needs at different times so we tailor our stores as well as our products. From Value to Finest and from Express to Extra, there’s something for everyone at Tesco.†[17] Value products are low-priced basics for customers on a tight budget. Finest are products with the finest ingredients for customers who appreciate fine food and are prepared to pay higher prices for higher quality. Express are smaller stores in local communities for people who would find it difficult to get to a large Tesco store. Metro are stores in town and city centres for the convenience of customers who prefer to shop in town rather than in the Superstores out of town. These Superstores are particularly for one-stop shoppers who can find â€Å"everything they need for their weekly shopping†[18]. They carry not only a wide range of food lines but also the most popular Tesco non-food lines. Tesco Extra is a major new development focusing on non-.food lines, but with extensive food and convenience lines. As only 20% of the UK population has access to such stores Tesco intends opening 20 more this year. For all health-conscious customers (viz. the â€Å"struggling idealists† in 2.3) Tesco has introduced better labelling, diet guides and â€Å"Free-from† and organic ranges. For price-conscious customers who also like good service they have introduced the â€Å"Step Change† programme and â€Å"Everyday Low Pricing†. For the growing number of customers who prefer to order from home and get home deliveries Tesco provides an on-line service which now supplies 150,000 customers/day. 3.3 Asda It is difficult to obtain separate financial results for Asda Wal-Mart as the figures are hidden away in Wal-Mart’s consolidated accounts. The corporate website in the UK is also not nearly as transparent about strategic and marketing issues as Tesco, Sainsbury, Waitrose and Morrisons. Figures therefore, for the most part, need to be gleaned from outside sources or estimated. Figures quoted below are taken, for the most part, from Datamonitor.[19] In 2005 Asda had a sales turnover of  £16.25bill., a growth of 19.8% over the previous year. Since Wal-Mart bought the company in 1999 market share in the UK has risen from 13% to 16%, putting them in second position ahead of Sainsbury. The company has 265 Asda stores, 19 superstores, 1 pilot store in General Merchandising and 6 trial George stores specialising in fashion clothing. The company plans to open 10-12 new stores each year. â€Å"60% of Asda’s sales are currently in grocery items, although it intends to build on the growth of non-food products in store, which may well change this balance. Asda sells six own-brand labels: Asda Smartprice, Asda, Good for You, Asda Organic, Asda Extra Special and More for Kids.†[20] Asda management appears to plan to grow in the future via more stores, a focus on clothing (via its George fashion range Asda has now overtaken Marks and Spencer as the UK’s largest clothing retailer[21])and non-food, growth from specialist outlets within the stores: opticians, jewellers and photographic and possibly a greater push into the children’s market. Their main marketing thrust – in-line with the Wal-Mart reputation – is to be seen by the mass market as the price leader. They in fact claimed to be the â€Å"official lowest price supermarket in the UK† but this was based on a survey of just 33 lines and, after complaints from Tesco, the claim had to be lifted.[22] Since Wal-Mart’s takeover of Asda there has been an ongoing price war with Sainsbury and Tesco, which has raised Asda’s profile as a low-price store. Apart from price the main differentiators are the twin focuses on non-food and clothing and the particular focus on the kids market. Like Tesco and Sainsburys they are also trying to attract higher income and â€Å"green† customers with its â€Å"Good for You†, â€Å"Organics† and â€Å"Asda Extra Special† brands. They also have an on-line ordering and delivery service. Asda undoubtedly has an image problem because of its association with Wal-Mart. â€Å"Asda has been criticised for misleading advertising, using suppliers who are known to have illegal employment practices, ignoring planning regulations and destroying greenbelt land, lack of serious environmental policy and blatant greenwash. With its ‘strategy of consolidation’, copied directly from Wal-Mart, Asda pursues an aggressive takeover policy of small towns, wiping out local competition and local jobs. False claims by the company about value and convenience, have been challenged, along with the exploitation of every opportunity to push impulse buying.†[23] No specific evidence was found, but negative information, such as the above about Wal-Mart, abounds on the internet and it is probable that this will make it more difficult for Asda to position itself such that it attracts the more educated, aware customers. 3.4 J Sainsbury Sainsbury achieved total sales in 2005 of  £16.36bill. and profits after tax of  £65m. This compared with slightly lower sales in the previous year and a significantly larger profit then of  £404m.[24] Sainsbury appears to be struggling. It has suffered from severe price competition from Asda and Tesco and also failed to implement effectively a new logistics system, which resulted in severe out-of-stock problems which alienated customers. The company has 727 stores in all, 465 of which are supermarkets and 262 are the smaller convenience stores. It employs 153,000 people. Sainsbury is currently undergoing a change programme entitled â€Å"Making Sainsbury’s Great Again 2007/8†[25]. Some elements of this programme are very relevant to its positioning in the market. In line with Barwise and Meehan’s thinking on â€Å"generic category benefits†[26] Sainsbury wish to restore the universal appeal of the brand. This comprises four elements: be all inclusive (appeal to all segments of the market) have a clear product hierarchy: GOOD, BETTER, BEST (not assuming that certain segments go for a defined quality of product but that all customers chop and change). invest in price and quality ( £400m in 2006) scale to succeed (ensure that there is sufficient overall demand in the chosen products/markets to get costs down to a manageable level) This all translates into a customer proposition which their annual report describes as follows: great food/fair prices market leaders in quality and innovation complementary non-food straightforward formats: supermarkets, convenience and Sainsbury’s to You(on-line) bank Sainsbury advertising focuses on two messages: we have reduced price on 4000 lines â€Å"Try something new today† The former has clear universal appeal and aims to enable Sainsbury to compete on price with Asda and Tesco. The former appears to be focused more on higher income categories (the â€Å"Self-indulgents† and â€Å"Comfortable and Contenteds† mentioned in 2.3. 4. Conclusions and final thoughts In a 1994 article on segmentation in the retail sector the following statement is made: â€Å"†¦any strategic option depends on clear positioning against competitors and customer groups (and the ) approach of integrating competitive analysis with market segmentation is a necessary first step to achieving a better understanding of the retailing environment and formulating effective marketing strategies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦supermarket retailers must attract customers from different and often incompatible market segments.† [27] This statement still appears to have validity to-day. All three supermarkets mentioned in this paper wish to attract customers from the higher income AB socio-economic category by offering them better service, high quality and tasty foods, organic foods and a clean and welcoming atmosphere. These customers will spend more and will buy products which offer the retailer higher margins. At the same time all supermarkets seek to position themselves as low price operators, thus appealing to lower income groups and those across all income groups who seek bargains (the â€Å"mercenaries† in 2.3). It is the observation of the writer that Tesco is clearly the most successful at positioning itself to appeal to both ends of the spectrum. According to data in Morrisons’ 2005 annual report about 25% of Sainsbury’s customers fall into the AB category whereas with Tesco it is only 20% and with Asda it is about 17%. Asda on the other hand (from the same annual report) rates very highly in terms of customer perception of value for money, Tesco is slightly lower and Sainsbury is even below Waitrose, a store which is traditionally associated with high prices. All realise that location is vital and that even to-day’s motorised customer will not put herself about too much to go to stores too far away. Hence all are moving towards the development of smaller stores to attract local communities. All use brand loyalty cards, but Tesco appears to be the most successful at using data on the card to enable it to adjust offerings to individual customer requirements. There are great similarities between the companies and their marketing approaches. Each follows the other very closely. What appears to make Tesco stand out is not so much a more sophisticated approach to segmentation and differentiation, but – one of the key competencies in the Accenture report, â€Å"Consuming Passions†[28] its ability to combine a clear strategy with operational excellence. At the time of writing (April 25, 2006) Tesco has just released performance figures for the past 12 months. They indicate a 13.2% growth in sales and a 16.7% growth in before tax profit. [29] BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Barwise B. and Meehan S (2004), Simply Better, Harvard Business School Press Grant RM (1997), Contemporary Strategic Analysis, Blackwell Jobber D. (2004), Principles and Practice of Marketing, McGraw Hill Kotler P. and Armstrong G.(2004), Principles of Marketing, Prentice Hall Journals/Reports Anonymous author of â€Å"Asda Group Limited† in Datamonitor, June, 2005 Anonymous author of â€Å"Organics UK† in Mintel Report, November 2005 Mann S., Smith J. and Trouvà © O. (2006), â€Å"Consuming Passions†, Accenture industry report in Outlook 2005 Segal M. and Giacobbe R. (1994), â€Å"Market Segmentation and Competitive Analysis for Supermarket Retailing†, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol.22, No.1, pp.38-48 Internet sources www.asda.co.uk www.corporatewatch.org.uk www.guardian.co.uk www.mcgraw-hill.co.uk/textbooks/jobber www.morrisons.co.uk www.npr.org www.sainsbury.co.uk www.tesco.com Footnotes [1] Jobber (2004), Principles and Practice of Marketing, p. 210 [2] From A to B, Channel 4, 1998 [3] Barwise and Meehan (2004), Simply Better, p. 4 [4] Barwise and Meehan, pp. 3-4 [5] Barwise and Meehan, pp. 4-5 [6] Jobber, p. 214 [7] Jobber, p. 224 [8] Shop ‘till you drop, Channel 4, 2002 [9] Organics UK, November, 2005, Mintel Report [10] Orange: a Fruitful Passion, supplementary case on the Jobber website, www.mcgraw- hill.co.uk/textbooks/jobber [11] Grant R.M., Contemporary Strategic Analysis, p.151 [12] Mann S., Smith J. and Trouvà © O., Consuming Passions, Accenture, 2005 [13] Mann et al, p. 9 [14] Mann et al, p.3 [15] Mann et al, p.7 [16] www.tesco.com [17] www.tesco.com [18] www.tesco.,com [19] Asda Group Limited, Datamonitor, June, 2005 [20] Asda Wal-Mart: a Corporate Profile, www.corporatewatch.org.uk, Nov. 2004 [21] www.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,1288594,00.html [22] Th e Marketplace Report: Wal-Mart’s UK Strategy, www.npr.org, August 17, 2005 [23] www.corporatewatch.org.uk, November 2004 [24] www.sainsbury.co.uk Annual Report 2005 [25]www.sainsbury.co.uk Annual Report 2005 [26] Barwise and Meehan(2004), Simply Better [27] Segal M and Giacobbe R (1994), Market Segmentation and Competitive Analysis for Supermarket Retailing, International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, p. 45 [28] Mann, Smith and Trouvà ©, Consuming Passions [29] tesco.com, press release on April 25, 2006

Essay --

Suicide is a permanent solution to what is often a temporary problem. Suicide not only affects the individual but it also affects all the people that surround that one person who committed suicide. When a person decides he/she wants to die they commit this act. But, when a person attempts suicide and is unsuccessful this can lead to that individual to be in more pain to include: broken bones to brain damage. An unsuccessful, suicide attempt can cause the person to sink further into depression as well. There are many contributing factors when dealing with someone who wants to commit suicide but there are also a few myths that are associated with suicide as well. When people talk about committing suicide to another person this does not necessarily mean that they want to kill themselves, but it just might be that they are reaching out or crying for help. There are many different myths associated with suicide. Myths like: people who talk about suicide are just trying to get attention; f rom suicide occurring without warning; and suicidal people not wanting to die. To identify theses myths one must understand why someone would want to end their life. With over 38,000 suicides in 2010 The Center for Disease Control and Prevention claims that is an average of 105 each day. â€Å"There is one suicide for every 25 attempted suicides and suicide results in an estimated $34.6 billion in combined medical and work-loss costs†. (States News Service) People who want to commit suicide can attribute these thoughts to many factors. Factors like family history of suicide, attempted suicide and depression, alcohol and drug problems also contribute to the thoughts of suicide. Warning signs are identified in many different ways and they also change with age... ... Did he want to die? His mind was not yet matured as most teenagers minds are. He just wanted the feeling of loss to stop. That was his cry for help. Luckily, it was only for a short time. â€Å"According to the Mayo Clinic, information was released relating to debunking certain myths about suicide. â€Å"The majority of people contemplating suicide don't really want to die. They are seeking an end to intense mental and/or physical pain. Most have a treatable mental illness. Interventions can save lives.† (â€Å"States News Service†) Suicide is a very serious condition that affects the lives of not only the individual who commits suicide, but it affects all the people who are involved with that individual. When we can separate the facts from the myths about suicide, we could possibly prevent a suicide and save someone’s life. Everyone should know the facts, it can save a life.

Fake IDs :: essays research papers

Fake ID Just like many college students, Dana and her friends decided to go to a bar one Saturday night. The problem: Not everyone in their group was old enough to enter. The solution: Use fake ID obtained through a friend. So Dana and her friends used fake IDs to enter the bar without a problem, or so they thought. Later that night, police raided the bar. Dana's ID was confiscated and she was later arrested. It seems like everyone wants to be a different age. Many teenagers want to be either 18 or 21 so they can buy cigarettes or alcohol. And I’m sure everyone has heard their parents say they wish they were 18 again. For the most part people can’t change how old they are, but by using fake identification, someone could pretend to be an age older than what they are. More and more people are using fake ID’s. There have been many new advances in technology in recent years. Because of these advances, such as computers and internet, fake ID’s are becoming easier to get, and their quality is improving. Not too long after states find ways of making ID’s harder to duplicate, the counterfeiters are finding a way to make them. Fake ID’s no longer consist of scratching an 8 into a 3. These advances make it hard to tell apart fake ID’s from the real thing. Some websites sell fake ID’s from $50-5,000. Selling fake ID’s over the internet has increased greatly over the past few years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The internet makes fake ID’s readily available, but according to the article â€Å"Forged in Plastic† in Missoula, most underage clients buy phony driver’s licenses from local manufacturers who use computers, scanners, laser printers, laminators, and special programs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the San Diego Union Tribune An estimated 10 million fake ID’s are confiscated each year. During spring break last year in Florida, 10,000 fake ID’s were confiscated by using a handheld ID verification device made by Logix Company of Colorado.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are different types of people who use fake ID’s for different reasons. Many people who use fake ID’s are just teenagers who want to buy alcohol. 18, 19, and 20 year olds generally use fake ID’s to drink in bars, while high school students with fakes just go to grocery stores to find beer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are different consequences of owning or selling fake ID’s. Under-aged drinkers that go to bars and are caught with fake ID’s are usually ticketed for minor consumption and for carrying false or altered identification.

Alcohol And The Church :: essays research papers

Alcohol And The Church It seems to be that our main questions are, Should we use alcohol and what about those that abuse it? How should the Church deal with those that do drink or should we as a society deal with it? While there is nothing in the Bible that says drinking is a sin, but drunkeness is. I believe as a society we do have a problem with alcohol abuse. But in the same respect I do not feel that the church should judge those who do drink socially, regularly, or abusively. When the time comes everyone will be judged individually by God alone. I feel it is his decision solely to do what is best for all. The church may teach not to use alcohol, but to discriminate against those in the congregation (or even those that are not) that do is not a solution to the problem. I feel in order to get alcohol abuse under control we as a society need to teach our children the risks of using alcohol, not only in the home but in the schools as well. To reach the heart of the problem is to face the problem head on. As a social drinker myself (I put my self in this classification) I don't feel I have an alcohol problem just because I enjoy a drink now and then. I do not abuse it and would never put myself behind the wheel of a car to take the risk of taking someone else's life. You don't need to be drunk to cause an accident, it's been proven in many cases only a few drinks can impair someone's stability. If more thought of this there would be less tragedies on our highways. When it comes to food and there are people starving in the world, when we could help by not converting food grains into alcohol, this should be made more aware to our society. I'm not sure most people are aware of this. It is supposedly our main concern to feed the hungry and shelter the poor. If giving up something that only contributes to loneliness and destruction than ever, because there are more that abuse than those who don't, it seems to me to be a logical solution. I think the best we can hope for in our future and our children's is that we have to

“Meditation 17” by John Donne Essay

In â€Å"Meditation 17† by John Donne, Donne uses many different methods of trying to get his message out. By using metaphors, images, and paradoxes Donne gets his message out but in a perplexing way. In order to understand what Donne is saying, this passage must read over and analyzed sentence by sentence to really see the true meaning of the excerpt. Donne uses a book as a metaphor, with man as a chapter for every part of the book and God is the author. Donne believes God controls everything and everything happens for a reason. Donne then states, â€Å"God employs several translators; some pieces are translated by age, some by sickness, some by war, some by justice; but God’s hand is in every translation.† The translations of age, sickness, war, and justice are all things that can cause death. In that case, these elements can translate human beings into spirits of heaven or to anywhere else God chooses to send them. One of the most popular metaphors Donne uses is â€Å"No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main. If a clod be washed away by the sea, Europe is the less, as well as if a promontory were any mans death diminishes me, because I am involved in mankind; and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.† Here Donne is trying to say that one person cannot stand-alone. Human beings need each other for survival and support. Donne then starts to talk about the death bell. He says whenever the bell tolls it is tolling for more than the one person who has died but it also is tolling for those who have been left behind to grieve over the death. Also in order to get the message across Donne uses a paradox by saying, â€Å"For affliction is a treasure.† This is a paradox because generally when you think of a treasure you don’t think of it hurting you but you think of it making you wealthy or better off but instead he uses treasure as a source of suffering. But suffering is a treasure because it can teach you things, since you suffer from mistakes; you learn from them and don’t make the same mistake twice. By saying this Donne makes suffering sometimes seem like a  good thing to have in your life. Imagery is another device used to get Donne’s message across. â€Å"One chapter is not torn out of the book, but translated into a better language; and every chapter must be so translated† This is an image for the reason that he is presenting mankind and the death of mankind like a book. He is saying when a man dies he is not ripped away from society and forgotten but just thought of differently and every man dies (translated) in a different way although some may seem to be the same such as too people may have cancer yet it is still different because God has a unique death (translation) made out for each and every person. By using many different methods John Donne gets his message across in a complicated way that seems to draw the readers into his writing. By breaking down the passage it can be smoothly translated into an easy to read text. Not only does this make it enjoyable to read but also it has given people something to read for years and most defiantly will in the years to come.

Men are from Mars and Women are from Venus Essay

jibe to John colourize, work force and wo hands wholly told disaccord in their fashion of chat which corroborates the hallucination that they be from distinct planets. However, their communications style differs and they course and be trained to pass accustomed to these communication perspectives to live and work in concert in harmony. Wo hands are to a greater extent(prenominal) emotional than manpower and hence men apply to mock the girls irrelevance talks. rattling women are termed as a weaker elicit as they alship bathal want men to respect to their feelings to a greater extent particularly to the highest degree relationships, other personal problems and ab start family matters.In such matters, women expect that men result respect their feelings by extending emotional financial support and fancying. Relationships end in catastrophic contingency when each other does non understand each feelings and emotions. When the relationship ends in dear disast er, the women deal to understand that worldly concern is plump outly divergent from everything and she has non accustomed to and well-tried to adapt to the differences in her relationship. confabulation among men and women are so diverse that it takes many years for a complete understanding in a relationship. even out insignificant resemblance in communication style that binds a couple together bandage champion tries to weight-lift out the larger differences. In ordinary life, it is an open up fact that men wants to be well-thought-of and women wish to know whether they are creation truly loved by men. A sure-fire couple is peerless who is capable to achieve this and in such cases no doubt, good communication result be the end result. Thus, John gray-haireds assertion that men and women are from different planets in terms of communications is in sureity a convincing integrity. Thus, communication in the midst of men and women are pursued done with(predicate ) deuce languages.The male language is used as a general process of monition that he is in a hollow out or on his path to the subvert. fair-haired(a) here uses cave to describe the ways and means men use to compress out their differences or to deal with an issue. When men face some problem, they wish to be unsocial or in his cave in complete solitude. gray, 1993, p. 22. However, the reaction of a women impart be completely different if they face with issues and when communicating with their spouse. As per decrepit, women call allegorys, superlative and poetic licenses to express their feelings.Moreover, in that location are chances that men may misunderstood this poetic licenses expressed by women. Gray. 1993, p. 17. It is the involve scenario where men and women ignore to send word the look at significances of the each other expressions and due to this, Gray has introduced Venusians / Martian dictionary in his pay off. This dictionary could be much help to iron ou t these misunderstandings in associations and relationships. tally to Gray, men and women give in different languages and flirt with debate receives.Many common citizenry are of the view that Grays metaphor is having more relevance and lucifer their very own experiences on the subject. According to Gray, women attain to gain cognition of men before fostering a successful companionship. Gray, 1993. p. 21. Likewise, when men are disturbed or strained, they automatically keep silent and chase away to their cave to sort the things out. Gray, 1993, p. 21. Women at this marijuana cigarette understood that his spouse wants to be alone to sort out things by himself without her interruption.Further, Gray is of the view that there is a deal for men to know that women like to grapple and communicate things through in a more non-solution and in a manifold way. Gray, 1993, p. 35. There is a complete enquire on the part of men to alive(predicate) that women also long that their fee lings and emotions are to be complyed when they are upset, depressed and tumultuous and it is duty of the men to make her more comfort and to assuage her feelings in such scenarios. Gray, 1993, p. 35. As Gray details it, his earmark of account is for the people who wish to have an thankful feature of gender associated with their counseling.Grays objective is to assist women to appreciate men and to take the ignominy out by counseling and by assisting men to have a more constructive border on to therapy as even healthy relationships shoot a counselor. Gray longs to be a worldwide translator between Venusians and Martians. He has not indulged in the argument that one is superior to the other but stresses that they are dissimilar. Thus, Gray summarizes his views It is time to appreciate and demonstrate gender variances. Do not take heed to change the attitude of ones partner. hands have to stop the touch and understand and women should acknowledge and appreciate the things w hich men does and if he feel appreciated, he will no doubt listen. Gray is of the view that even though the customary spot of contributor and nurturer may be often changing, women and men still have wakeless hormonal variances. However, due to rapid transformation, women have crossed over in the mans world and hence the two worlds have come together now. If one has great appreciation of how these people in different world imagine and act, one will have a real harmony but not a friction.According to Gray, men and women have wide-ranging and complimentary emotional requirements. One can define a mans sense of self through his dexterity to get results charm a females sense of self is explained through her feelings and eminence of her relationships. Hence, women expect that her feeling shall have to be respected and honored while men choose that his feelings have to be appreciated and respected. Gray is of the opinion that galosh band theory well explains the metaphor of male in timacy cycle.As men experience the need for autonomy or independence, they draw away as no-good bond do when it is stretched to the limit. Men will pull back with power and tactual sensation as rubber band do if they are given opportunity to hunt back to their positions or caves. If women demand that men should be intimate and close all of the time, they will become flaccid and limp, by losing their power and strength. Gray, 1993, p. 35. Gray book shows diverse of theory. Gray could not able to twist no more plausible account other than his planet metaphor on men and women relationships.Gray tries to illustrate the base differences that exist in men and women characteristics. Gray has cited examples like men disgust to demand for directions as it would put them down while women not at all favour it. Men longs to talk in unexclusive as an exposure of their sound knowledge re primary(prenominal)s mum at al-Qaida whereas women tries to express their feelings in home earlier than in public places as their main objective of their intimacy. CONCLUSION The reader of the book will understand that men and women communicate in different languages and hold opposing views.Readers will appreciate that Grays metaphor is having more relevance and touch their very own experiences on the subject. No doubt, communication plays very significant habit in men and women relationship. If one tries to honor and respect the feelings of spouse, there will not any marital issues at all. I would recommend that all who in the contour of establishing relationship and those are already secure their marital knots should read the book to genius a pleasant, happy married life. The readers of the book will understand that It is time to appreciate and authenticate gender variances.Do not try to change the attitude of ones partner. Men have to seize the situation and understand and women should acknowledge and appreciate the things which men does and if he feel appreciated, he wil l no doubt listen. Gray is of the view that difference between men and women are consistent and are of more biological and natural. Thus, Gray book seems to emphasize and respect the male and female differences.REFERENCESGray, John. 1993. Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus A Practical Guide For Improving Communication and Getting What You Want in Relationships. HarperCollins

Rampart Scandal

Abstract This study looks at the history of the Los Angeles jurisprudence of disposition discussion section as it relates to jurisprudence finale and several major incidents ahead(p) up to the breakwater poop. The legal philosophy nuance of a unf guideged LAPD eventually seemed to linger and affect the LAPD of today. The deficiency of supervision and positive comm wholey inter legal action seemed to channelise integrity the primitive law of nature conclusion. The History of police horticulture Leading to the paries Scandal The Los Angeles police incision is unrivalled of the biggest and nigh(prenominal) innovative constabulary departwork forcets in the human race that has been in existence since 1853.The LAPD encompasses nearly 468 foursqu be miles in over 19 divisions and employing nearly 10,000 swear guard military cancelledice hireers to police a world of rough 4 million mountain (Los Angeles Police Department, 2012). When more people think of police, they often withstand visions of aged(prenominal) tv re-runs of Adam 12 or Dragnet, both(prenominal) of which were police shows with ships military officers and detectives from the Los Angeles Police Department. The television programs depicted officers and detectives conducting their investigations, where the officers hold absolute professionalism when making ar remains or dealing with the universal.These television programs neer told the true story of crime and sprightliness out on the street or the authorized people that police it every day. The Los Angeles Police Department has had a very colorful history as it has led to groundbreaking seasons. The Zoot Suit Riots of 1943, the Watts Riots of 1965, the Rodney King Riots of 1992 and the prohibition Scandal all gain had an impact on the LAPD and law inflictment in general, as well as how the public perceives police and their mission.In 1926, when headsman crowd together Davis ran the LAPD, he gave a direct ive to his officers to rid the city of the flatulence toting element and rum smugglers, and if his officers showed mercy to these people that he would reprimand them for that behavior (The LAPD1926-1950, 2012). The mentality of Chief James Davis is where the LAPD essentially started, in a time when at that locating was no true equality of citizens. The police officers were imperil with the possibility of losing their jobs if they showed mercy to people that they dealt with on the streets.With that lawsuit of attitude, the police and citizens did non have slightly(prenominal) pillow causa of a piddleing relationship to solve problems or create an atmosphere of trust with the general public only fear. There have been numerous Police Chiefs since that time and m whatsoever have attempted to flip the atmosphere in which the officers operate and treat separately former(a) and the citizens. Chief Willliam Parker ran the LAPD from 1950 until his death in 1966. Chief Parker was equal to desegregate the LAPD and he allowed minority officers to graze battlegrounds where they traditionally werent allowed to work before callable to their minority status.Chief Parker to a fault created a professional position of policing so as to cope with the rising population with a small amount of police officers (Martin, 2009). scorn the circumstance that change in how the LAPD dealt with the population was coming, the cardinal attitude amongst most officers was that they were the law and they could do most any subject that they felt needed to be usurpe. To feed to this undemocratic attitude, the LAPD has had to deal with some gracious unrest situations akin the Watts Riots of 1965.The Watts Riots stemmed from an arrest of an African American subject matter named Marquette Frye that took base in the Watts resemblance on Los Angeles. An ruffle started possibly out of frustration with the lack of employment, admit and quality schools in the Watts atomic number 18a and turned into half a dozen days of riotous behavior in that pauperization stricken atomic number 18a of Los Angeles. The LAPD as well as sh atomic number 18s of the National Guard were deployed to quell the violence on the streets (Unk at presentn, 2012).The riot cost the lives of thirty-four people and created an even so bigger rift with the LAPD and the comm building blocky in which it serves. The police culture that had been passed on to generations of LAPD officers was one that was truly irreconcilable with what law enforcement should be well-nigh. This came from an era where racial segregation was common in various parts of the verdant simply civil rights began to become a fiery topic in the world. The way in which officers of the LAPD dealt with people epoch interacting and doing their jobs was such an ineffective way of enforcing the laws as they were meant to be en compel.Many times the personal rights of individuals guaranteed under the unify State s Constitution were trampled on just be behave the attitudes of those in trust of both the police and the greets were primitive. Chief Daryl Gates took the manoeuver of the LAPD in 1976 and he was creative in his heads on how to modernize the LAPD. Chief Gates was in that respect during the 80s when syndicate-related violence was at an all-time superior and something had to be done to effectively combat the problem. community of interests Policing philosophy was not a new idea at this drive, exclusively it had not been effectively rehearse to cause any change. Chief Gates had the LAPD bring forth is form of proactive or iron fist policing evasive action by implementing Operation mold in the streets in 1987. Operation Hammer was a police officer overload by the C. R. A. S. H. officers (Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums) in a certain area that has been experiencing numerous acts of halo-violence and officers enforce laws with ferocity utilize a zero-toleranc e attitude with everybody in the neighborhood. This emblem of policing countered with other community policing programs that were in place to ensure that residents of these impoverish neighborhoods were organism provided resources to help their situations (Sahagan, 1990).Operation Hammer was not just a way for the LAPD to crap violent criminals off the streets, but some have said that it was LAPDs way of sending a message to the violent offenders to stop the violence. Officers during these various trading operations were not only searching and seizing items of evidence, but destroying property and disrespecting family of the rabble members they sought to arrest. These play were not effective and did nothing to combat the crime but seemed to enrage the citizens of those neighborhoods to cause further community relations problems for the LAPD.The distrust with the public and the LAPD continued to get worsened until March 1991, when officers from the LAPD began chasing a speeding fomite in their jurisdiction from the freeway. Rodney King was the driver of that speeding vehicle and he led officers on a get over that at long last stop in a neighborhood area, where residents were woken up and videotaped recorders began recording. The videotape showed Rodney King being shell numerous times with police batons at the hold of officers of the LAPD. The result was that the videotaped beating was given to the news media, which air the footage to the world.The public outcry wanted the officers charged for utilise profligate force upon Rodney King, which resulted in four officers being charged for using excessive force and ultimately acquitted of all charges. The response to the verdicts sparked complete civil unrest in the southbound Central area of Los Angeles, where the original beating took place. Initial rioters became enraged at the fact that an incident that was videotaped for the world to see could not convict police officers of excessive force. The r iots lasted a kernel of six days and damage was estimated at one billion dollars.At this caput, there was no relationship with the LAPD and the impoverished areas of Los Angeles and crime seemed to run rearing. The attitude of the LAPD had not evolved with the worlds views on civil rights and it had been proven open on the various riots and scandals of this era of the LAPD. I palpate that in some ways, attempts had been made at this point to try and connect with the community but the anemic attempts failed. LAPD continued to use their iron fist start to handling problems, which history has showed that it was not effective profuse to cause change.This attitude caused the LAPD to stand still while the world around was continuing to evolve and grow, which ultimately caused many issues for the LAPD and the city of Los Angeles. During the LA Riots, a young officer named Rafael Perez had been learning the skills of the job to move to the most sought later on specialty positions such as narcotics and C. R. A. S. H. positions. When Rafael Perez, a native of Puerto Rico, was a child maturement up he had ironically envisioned himself as being a Los Angeles Police Officer uniform the ones that he watched on the television program Adam-12.Rafael Perez ended up landing a police officer job with the LAPD in 1989, a time when tautness amongst police officers and the communities it served was at a boiling point (Cannon, 2000). Many officers, ultimately found to be touch in some type of scandal or wrongdoing at heart the LAPD had been leased within the like time fulfilment and had grown up with the LAPD police culture. Rafael Perez and many other officers elusive in the restriction Scandal, including Kevin Gaines, David mackintosh, and Nino Durden were hired in a time period between 1988 and 1990. approximately critics say that these officers and many other officers that have par accommodaten in misconduct of a criminal nature were hired at a time when ther e were federal rules of affirmative action hiring practises. These federal rules forced agencies, such as the LAPD to hire minority aspects and glare standards based on race and sex. When hiring standards for candidates of any job, a lot less a law enforcement job are lowered then the candidates are less desireable, disregarding of race or sex. A statistical compend of data from the U. S.Department of legal expert from economist John Lott found that aggressive affirmative action hiring practices requiring a quota for hiring minority officers increased crime rates. The report reads When affirmative action rules pee over the result is a minify quality of officers (Golab, 2005) With the federal regulations requiring affirmative action hiring practices, police departments, including the LAPD got away from the traditional hiring practices. Normally police officers are chosen as good candidates when they are hired on value-based hiring practices.The practices are to look thoroug hly into the candidates background, mental background and learn about the candidate and his/her morals and values. When affirmative action regulations take over, value-based hiring practices are not used ascribable to the fact that a minority quota is put in place instead of hiring the best quality candidate regardless of race or sex. In the case of the LAPD, this type of hiring practice allowed people like Rafael Perez, David mac and the rest to take the law into their own hands and rook citizens of Los Angeles.Once the officers in the breastwork Scandal were hired onto the LAPD, they acquire how to do their jobs and in some instances came off as baby-sit police officers. Many of these officers received awards and commendations for the work that they had done while employed with the LAPD. Although I dont know the entire career of these officers, it seems probable that their careers started with very minor perks being given to them as a result of their position of authority. Officers on this slippery-slope model of police desecrateion are brought into grafting subcultures that are already involve in this sort of corrupt and illegal activity.Once the newer officers of the group begin their path on the slippery-slope of putrefaction, it is often difficult for them to ever come back. This is due to them being a part of previous putrefaction, where other members of the grafting subculture group were witness to, and there is now fear amongst the members of the corruption being discovered. In the case of the LAPD, it appeared that the officers found to be involved in the corruption, had been involved for quite some time.The investigation into the Rampart Scandal began with the investigation into a snap death of an off-duty LAPD officer by an on-duty LAPD narcotics detective. When investigators began looking into this case, they found that the off-duty officer that was killed, named Kevin Gaines had been involved with Death lyric Records. Death Row Recor ds was own and run by a Piru-Blood gang member named Suge Knight. Kevin Gaines was also alleged to be involved with the Piru-Blood gang. As investigators looked deeper they found several LAPD officers working for Death Row Records and being involved in the Piru-Blood gang.A incident occurred on November 6, 1997 when the Bank of America branch in South Central Los Angeles was robbed at gunslinger point. Two men entered the edge and demanded money from the customer service theatre director and she gave them approximately $722,000. When robbery detectives began investigating the crime, they were able to distrust the customer service manager extensively and she revealed that the hope robbery was an inside job, with the main guess being her boyfriend and LAPD officer David mack.Two days afterwards the bank robbery, David Mack and Rafael Perez had gone to Las Vegas to celebrate. Investigators were learning that Rafael Perez had a relationship with each of these other officers and Rafael Perez was even conceit to have been the aid suspect in the bank robbery. When questioned about the bank robbery and his relationship with David Mack, Rafael Perez denied any involvement with the robbery but said that David Mack had saved his life when they worked in a narcotics unit together (Cannon, 2000).While investigators were looking for clues in the Kevin Gaines shooting and the Mack bank robbery, the LAPD began investigating the theft of six pounds of cocain from the evidence storage by one of their officers. The officer was Rafael Perez and he had already been suspected of being associated with Kevin Gaines and David Mack. Rafael Perez also had a connection to Death Row Records and had gang ties to the Piru-Blood gang. Rafael was a member of the C. R. A. S. H. anti-gang unit at the time, which was a unit that had quickly gained a reputation for compete hardball with gang members but also for being corrupt.Investigators would in short learn that many other officers in the Rampart Division were a part of the noble cause corruption that seemed to run rampant in that division. David Mack was convicted of federal bank robbery charges and was sentenced to fourteen eld in prison, even though the money was never recovered and the other suspect has never been identified. Rafael Perez was able to negotiate a sentence of five geezerhood in prison in exchange for Rafael Perezs cooperation in identifying additional corruption of other officers within the Rampart Division of the LAPD (Cannon, 2000).The LAPD administration and the LA regularise Attorneys Office felt that too many incidents of corruption were coming out of the Rampart Division and this was a fair way to situate sure that they cleaned up the division and go after the corrupt officers. Rafael Perez talked with investigators about the socialization to C. R. A. S. H. and how officers new to the unit are treated and tested to see if they are trustworthy enough to be part of the corruption th at was taking place. He also stated that the supervisors knew about the corruption and even encouraged officers to do some(prenominal) it took to make arrests and bring in uns, drugs and money from the streets (Caldero & Crank, 2004). Some citizens of the area seemed to think that what C. R. A. S. H. unit officers were doing to rid the streets of thugs and gang members was worth it to keep them safe. Others had differing feelings regarding the way officers acted, as many innocent people not affiliated with any gangs were caught up in the fray. Rafael Perez detailed to investigators about the patterns of corruption that were used by C. R. A. S. H. unit officers. This included using the INS to deport gang members or people that associated with gang members.Often times sweeps were conducted and INS agents were used during these sweeps to get gang members off the streets. Using the INS for this purpose was strictly forbidden by the LAPD policies but seemed to be a common practice for m embers of the C. R. A. S. H. unit as a tactic. Other tactics that officers were using would be to plant guns and drugs on subjects, use violence against suspects, and to lie under oath during court proceedings all to ensure that gang members were prosecuted (Caldero & Crank, 2004).During investigators debriefs with Rafael Perez, he blamed the LAPD and the aggressive police culture that it has bred as the reason that he became a corrupt officer. The C. R. A. S. H. unit motto, which was printed over the office door read We restrict those who intimidate others. Rafael Perez said that he developed that US vs. THEM attitude that many police officers develop over time of working with and around hardened criminals. He blamed the supervisors and management of the LAPD for expecting high numbers of arrests and seizures as a catalyst for the accepted corrupt police culture amongst the C.R. A. S. H. officers (Cannon, 2000). Rafael Perez told investigators about a time when he and fellow C. R . A. S. H. unit officer Nino Durden shot an strip gang member, Javier Ovando. The shooting resulted out of a second contact with Ovando for trespassing, but the clear motive for the shooting is still not known. Durden and Perez planted a gun on Ovando after the shooting and Ovando was later charged and convicted for assault on a police officer with a firearm.Investigators knew that Rafael Perez had lied about many of the exposit of the shooting of Ovando, and this called into question the other corruption cases that Rafael Perez had been revealing investigators about (Cannon, 2000). The corruption cases that have been learned from the Rampart Division Scandal prompted the US Department of Justice to mandate LAPD to enter into a consent decree. The champion Attorney General accused the LAPD of engaging in a pattern or practice of excessive force, false arrests, and unreasonable searches and seizures in violation of the one-quarter and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. ( unknown, 2012) The consent decree was used as a tool to reform the police culture of the LAPD and to hold the LAPD accountable for violations of policy and procedure as well as criminal laws by officers of the LAPD. I feel that the history of the LAPD is the history of what we call modern day policing. LAPD has been so inventive and they have led the way in innovation in some regards. The attitudes of past leaders of the LAPD caused a police culture that was that of rough and tumble and not willing to take shit from anybody.This type of attitude was prevalent for many years and spread to most police agencies, befitting the way to do police work. LAPD did not change with the times and continued with the attitude that they were above the law ultimately causing corruption to run rampant throughout the ranks. Understanding the history of the LAPD and the police culture that it has promoted, the consent decree was a necessary thing that has been used to reel in the aggressive tactics of officers that seemingly went unsupervised.The federal consent decree caused the LAPD to return the policies and procedures that were supposed to have been used by officers and supervisors alike. altogether personnel received additional training to hold each individual accountable to what they were responsible for. The time to come of the LAPD is one that many outsiders will look on with baited breath to see if the consent decree helped with ever-changing aggressive police culture and problems associated with it. Only time will tell to see if they (LAPD) learned their lesson and understand that they are there to uphold the laws and protect lives and property. ReferencesLos Angeles Police Department. (2012). Retrieved from lapdonline. org The LAPD1926-1950. (2012). Retrieved from The Official Site of the Los Angeles Police Department lapdonline. org/history_of_the_lapd/content_basic_view/1109 Caldero, M. , & Crank, J. P. (2004). Police Ethics The Corruption of Noble Cause,Second E dition. Matthew Bender & Company, Inc. Cannon, L. (2000, October 1). ane Bad Cop. Retrieved from The New York generation Magazine http//www. truthinjustice. org/20001001mag-lapd. hypertext markup language Golab, J. (2005, June). How Racial P. C. Corrupted the LAPD (and Possibly Your Local labor as Well). The American Enterprise, 16(4).Retrieved from http//www. questia. com/library/1G1-132678217/how-racial-p-c-corrupted-the-lapd-and-possibly-your Martin, G. B. (2009, January 28). LAPD Chief Parkera product of his time. Retrieved from LA Times www. latimes. com/news/ sound judgement Sahagan, L. (1990, December 25). Parents called Vital to Operation Hammer. Retrieved from LA Times http//articles. latimes. com/1990-12-25/local/me-7125_1_operation-hammer unknown. (2012). The Aftermath. Retrieved from Frontline www. pbs. org Unknown. (2012, April 30). Watts Riots. Retrieved from Civil Rights Digital Library http//crdl. usg. edu/events/watts_riots/