Dialogue of Civilizations and Modern Science Essay

Dialogue of Civilizations and Modern Science - Essay Example Those who hold this view argue that dialogue of civilizations from Europe, Asia, Middle East, and Africa is what led to the birth of modern science. One of the prominent scholars who hold this view is Noah Efron. Noah Efron, in his â€Å"That Christianity Gave Birth to Modern Science† in Galileo Goes to Jail, says that a dialogue of civilizations led to the birth of modern science (Numbers, 2009). This paper will discuss how a dialogue of civilizations really led to the birth of modern science. In addition, it will discuss what the relationship between science and religion in the Africa, Middle East, and Asia tell us about the subsequent history of the dialogue of civilizations and modern science. Critical examination by a number of prominent historians, philosophers, and scientists on the grand question of the birth or genesis of modern science have often indicated that modern science was a product of a dialogue of civilizations from many parts of the world (Brooke and Number s, 2011). There is a consensus among most of them that different cultures and civilizations is what contributed to the birth and development of modern science. ... Besides, while these views tend to acknowledge that there were developments and inventions in other civilizations that might have led to birth of modern science, they fail to acknowledge them as being critical to the birth and development of modern science (Harrison, 2010). Those holding Eurocentric views on this subject argue that modern science would not have developed in any other culture because of the absence of cultural factors that were present in Europe such as the Greek heritage, Roman concept of law, or the Christian religion (Numbers, 2009). History of science is awash with evidence of critical and unique developments and inventions that were achieved by Chinese, Arab, Indian, and Egyptian civilizations that serve to show how dialogue of civilizations led to the birth of modern science (Horton, 1997). The inventions and developments by these civilizations have had huge influence on the findings that scientists made throughout the birth and rise of modern science. The combi nation of these civilizations and European civilizations brought enormous achievements in science. Even those who argue that European civilization was the main contributing factor to the birth of science also agree that European scientists integrated discoveries across different civilizations in order to create and subsequently develop modern science (Brooke and Numbers, 2011). This point of view by those holding Eurocentric view regarding the birth of science is in itself a strong proof of how a dialogue of civilizations led to the birth of modern science (Harrison, 2010). Great findings and discoveries in various civilizations at different periods in history encouraged and guided the scientific

Hobbes and Locke's Ideas on Sovereignty Literature review

Hobbes and Locke's Ideas on Sovereignty - Literature review Example Citizens are obliged to say okay to authority by their governments due to the fact that the alternative, which is living without some form of governance, would not be ideal. The foundation of a state is based on the relationship between governments and their respective citizens. Advocates of theories of social contract go about explaining the reasons as to why governments are formed by citizens as well as are compelled to abide by the law. The theories of social contract were heavily supported by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Despite this, the theories by the two just about totally opposed on the nature of the power of the governing supreme, human nature as well as on the citizens’ rights against the supreme. Locke employed the social contract to support limited constitutionalism while Hobbes employed the same to defend absolutism.         The Leviathan’s writing began shortly after the start of England’s civil war and was later published in 1651. The primary motives of Hobbes writing his theory of sovereignty are believed to be accounting for a stable political authority. In fact, Hobbes feels that it is the desire for stability that drives men into agreeing to enter into a commonwealth. According to Hobbes, a state of nature has â€Å"no propriety, no Dominion, no Mine and Thine distinct; but (only) that to be every man's that he can get; and for so long as he can keep it." He believed that the state of nature was characterized by a war between every man, and against every man.In addition, Hobbes argued that in a case of a natural state, "every man has a right to everything; even to one another's a body", describing the state of lives of men in this state as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". This is in line with his argument that though men are equal in their natural sense, continued acquis ition of property results in bad self-preservation. The above-mentioned condition has no room for living large, industry, or private ownership of property beyond what one can secure from others by force. When people begin hunting each other for property, a state of insecurity is born and eventually results in fear of death among the citizens. This fright, together with the hunger for a large living is described by Hobbes as â€Å"the passions that incline men to peace.†

Analytical Approaches in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Analytical Approaches in the Pharmaceutical Industry Miracles do happen and chances of happening such events are rare. Scientific discoveries have also seen such miracles. The approach and efforts required in scientific happenings are based on basic principles. The mode of application of these established principles differ from one stream to another stream of scientific disciplines. The principle of chemistry and physics are amalgamated to give rise to number of measuring devices. These devices are further restructured to suit application. Analytical chemistry can be defined as the science and art of determining the composition of materials in terms of their elements or compounds contained1 in it. Qualitative analysis gives useful details from which functional groups, structural features, atomic species or molecular species. Quantitative analysis gives numerical data in units i.e. percentage, parts per million, moles per liter etc. In above two types of analysis, the required data is obtained by measuring a physical property which is characteristically related to respective component of interest i.e. the analyte2. The most important aspect of analysis is quantitative analysis. The techniques of analytical chemist are of vital importance to the drug and pharmaceutical industries. Products are usually complex organic compounds or mixtures. Drugs prepared for human consumption requires strict standards of product quality be established and maintained. In past, methods of biological assay were often the only measure of product activity available. With the advent of modern instrumentation, techniques of analyst became more versatile and less time consuming, and quantitative analysis supplemented and sometimes replaced biological assay. In those instances where it is possible to establish a rigorous correlation between biological activity and chemical composition of product, analysis can be invaluable in controlling manufacturing operations as well as in determination of product purity and activity. It is noted that the progress and advancement of analytical chemistry depends to a greater extent upon an intelligent application of the fundamentals of physical chemistry and close relationship between physical and analytical chemistry. Recent rapid progress in physical methods of analysis, in many instances, resulted from pioneering investigations of scientists, principally physicists. In 1930 Willard recognized the demands being placed on analytical chemistry by rapid industrial progress. A parallel recognition of importance of analytical chemistry to industry occurred in Europe in same year. Churchill states that contribution of the analytical chemist to research program will be most effective if he is given the opportunity to participate while the program is being planned. In 1940s several direct reading quantitative spectrophotometers were reported. In these instruments the emitted spectral energy of certain chosen lines is transformed to a proportional electrical output by photomultiplier tubes. By suitable amplification and with appropriate recording devices, percentages of the constituents present are automatically recorded. The outstanding advantage of such equipment is its ability to reduce the time requirement for performing an analysis. New information made available by combining various tools of analytical chemist, has been described in several articles. The methods of analysis used to solve industrial problems may be classified as:- Fully developed, generally accepted methods of analysis. Generally accepted methods which are adapted to make them suitable for the problem. New methods which must be developed when available ones are not adequate. Industrial analysis is defined as the utilization of chemical and physical techniques for solving problems arising in industry. In some industrial processes it is desirable to obtain a very rapid or continuous analysis of a product or mixture. Considerable progress has been made in developing automatic method of analysis to fulfill this need. While it has not often been possible to automate entire procedures, from sampling to recording of results many examples of partly automated analytical operations can be cited. Factors pertinent to evaluation of analytical methods in each of these groups were discussed in the present section. A method of analysis is standard or accepted only in the sense that a number of analysts have judged it to be adequate for obtaining certain analytical information. Ideally, analyst views the standard method as a â€Å"best approach† rather than an obvious solution. If satisfactory results are obtained the method can be applied to the sample under consideration with some assurance that the experimental procedure is not at fault. The analyst himself should perform this part of work even if future measurements will be carried out by technicians or laboratory assistant. Only by performing the manipulation and observing the reaction can the analyst forming thoroughly acquainted with the details of an analytical procedure. The advisable method is when it appears to give satisfactory results, include consideration of interfering elements or compounds and determination of blank. While interferences which prevent a method from working properly are readily detected, those which produce a constant error in the analytical result are much more insidious and seldom apparent. Determination of a blank eliminates possible source of constant errors, such as contaminants in reagents and uncorrected background in instrumental measurements. In many standard methods the design and dimensions of the equipment are critical, particularly when properties of material rather than its composition is being studied. Many modification of an analytical method are possible and each problem or sample dictates the changes required to make the method effective. In some methods modification involves change in equipment or technique. For example, numerous spectrographic procedures have been developed for analyzing the metallic contaminants or additives in lubricating oils. Methods, which fail or suffer loss in sensitivity when certain interferences are present, may sometimes, need to be modified by introducing an additional step in the procedure which eliminates or deactivates the interfering element. Once a procedure has been adapted to a particular problem it may be evaluated in the same manner as a standard method. The usual precautions related to proper manipulation and standardizations, avoiding contamination and blank determinations must be observed. When problem is confronted which cannot be solved with established methods of analysis, it becomes necessary for analyst to create and develop new analytical procedures. This situation arises when any or all of the following factors are in effect. The substance sought has not previously been determined, when no methods are now available for all elements. The substance sought is a component of a mixture not previously analyzed. Any other element or compound present in a mixture may invalidate established methods of analysis by interference effects. Sometimes the component producing the interferences can be eliminated and a modified form of the original procedure can be used, as already described. Higher order of sensitivity is required when component sought is present in small quantity (mg). A method capable of analyzing in desired concentration range must be developed. Problems arising in industry are complicated by sample limitations. Often the sample is available in very small amounts and special techniques are required for gaining maximum information from a minimum quantity of material. Analysis must be non-destructive. At times it is required that the sample remain unaltered by the analytical procedure. For example compositional information on an expensive finished product is required, a non-destructive analytical method. Speed or time is critical requirement when conventional methods cannot complete an analysis within a prescribed time requirement, faster methods must be developed. Analytical Chemistry importance in different scientific areas: Importance of analytical chemistry in related scientific areas can be demonstrated by considering analytical chemistry’s impact on clinical analysis, and in pharmaceutical research and in quality control. Sensitive chemical and instrumental tests were advised in order to detect abnormal and normal components of body fluids. Blood and urine samples are determined for percentage of glucose, urea, nitrogen, protein, sodium, potassium, calcium, uric acid etc. Similarly, the quality of manufactured drug in tablets, solution and emulsion form must be carefully controlled in pharmaceutical industry, otherwise the drug can itself affect the therapeutic value. In other pharmaceutical studies, it is important to establish properties and therapeutic value of a drug before the drug is approved and made available to the public. Analytical Techniques: Few of medicinal products were still being analyzed by time-tested procedures of gravimetric and also titrimetric procedures. A wide diversity in different type of analytical techniques has been characteristic of assay methods for pharmaceutical products. Different analytical techniques were been employed for estimation of wide variety of components in the formulation:- Titrimetric and gravimetric method Colorimetric and UV spectrophotometric method Paper chromatography Preparative thin layer chromatography Column chromatography Ion-exchange chromatography Flame photometry and atomic absorption spectrometry. Variables in Quantitative Analysis: Inhomogeneity of the medicament Sampling error Preparation of samples such as extraction Precision, accuracy and ruggedness of the method Random error including that of the operator. Newer Analytical Techniques: As technology is developing, a number of new drugs are launched in the market and it is essential to develop new methods of analysis. It is necessary to do if; No analytical methods are available for a drug in official books such as pharmacopoeias. No literature reveals methods for estimation of drugs. Analytical method available only for single drug in a combined form of drug. No method reported for the estimation in biological fluids. NEED OF ANALYTICAL APPROACHES IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY The pharmaceutical industry has always had in place a series of process controls which assures the integrity of the end product. â€Å"A simple way of looking at it is that the Food Drugs Act Regulations are merely an auditing mechanism to quantify that industry has sufficient process controls and documented procedures in place to ensure they are in complete control of every aspect related to drug manufacturing,† There are in essence, three pillars to drug manufacturing and distribution: 1. Quality Assurance (QA) 2. Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) 3. Quality Control (QC) Quality Assurance is ensuring that you get what you pay for. It is the insurance policy for the manufacturer.† As a brief overview, the GMPs are part of Quality Assurance and ensure that drugs are produced consistently and are controlled at each and every step. QC is a part of Good Manufacturing Practices and is responsible for sampling and also for testing. It examines and ensures that all aspects of product from raw materials and integrity of the product itself to the packaging materials and insert, meet their specifications. It encompasses testing of the end product and all of its primary ingredients. QA covers documentation of all of the procedures that have taken place from start to finish of entire process. This, in combination with QCs sampling and testing, allows QA to ensure products integrity, purity and potency have not been compromised and it has satisfied all requirements. When QA is completed and satisfactory, the final step is permitted allowing a product to be r eleased for sale to the consumer. But, their job doesn’t stop here. Since Quality Assurance is responsible for assuring that final product is meeting quality, consistency and integrity for its intended use, it must also account for when the product leaves the manufacturing site. Thus, QA is also responsible for ensuring that appropriate arrangements have been made with distributors and warehouses to guarantee that the product is handled, stored and shipped in such a way that its quality is maintained for the duration of its approved shelf life. The overall time required for development of a pharmaceutical from Discovery Research through to the Regulatory Review Phase. There is clear evidence that this can in some cases take upwards of 15 years with costs reaching into millions of dollars. With this level of Research and Development investment, the industry has no intention of allowing a breakdown in final stages of manufacturing and distribution process. Therefore, before a product actually reaches market, QA involvement is also the key in the registration dossier preparation. A portion of this dossier contains a Master Production Document (MPD) which outlines exactly how the product will be manufactured. Within this MPD, a manufacturer defines clear specifications for all raw materials, packaging materials, in-process and finished product along with the sampling procedures and also Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) related to critical processing. The issuing of a Notice of Compliance and a Drug Identification Number are contingent on a complete and acceptable Master Production Document. Then manufacturing license holders are also responsible for conducting an annual self-inspection and documenting their procedures and processes are in compliance with the requirements of the GMPs. If the manufactured product is stored in bottles (syrups), fabricating, packaging/labeling, importation, distribution, wholesale (Schedule C, D, F or G products) or testing of pharmaceutical products must first hold an Establishment License issued by Government. PRESENT STUDY: Development of new drugs, drug manufacturing is dependent on drug analysis. Pharmaceutical companies depend upon drug analysis quantitatively to conform that the raw materials used, in-process compounds and final products manufactured were meeting the required specifications. New drug formulations and new drugs were introduced into the market at increased pace compared to earlier days, as the technology is developed. These formulations and drugs were either new chemical entities or partial structural modifications of existing drugs or new dosage forms. Frequently, it happens that the new drugs inclusion in pharmacopoeias will be delayed because of several reasons. Hence these standards or the analytical methods for these drugs may not be available in pharmacopoeias. Hence it is essential to develop new methods of analysis for these drugs. Based on this, few combinations were selected for the present studies which were currently marketed from Anti Hypertensives17-22, Anti HIV23-35 and Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs36-47. Amlodipine Besylate Telmisartan Lamivudine Zidovudine Thiocolchicoside Etoricoxib Literature survey was performed extensively and it was found that spectrophotometric methods were reported and also HPLC methods were reported for the determination of these drugs from their biological fluids. However, there were no reports found for their quantitation by HPLC methods from their formulations. Hence it is essential to develop newer rapid analytical methods3-16 on HPLC.

America Must Develop Alternative Fuel Vehicles :: essays papers

America Must Develop Alternative Fuel Vehicles A Formula One race car accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in under 3 seconds. How could a car that goes 0 to 60 mph in 12 seconds ever be considered cool? The people at Engine Technology International must be impressed because they’ve crowned the gas-electric hybrid powerplant from the Honda Insight as International Engine of the Year 2000.1 The truth is, with a 95-mpg potential and a 110 mph top speed, the Insight is turning everybody’s head while at the same time giving environmentalists a beacon of hope that the conventional gasoline engine may soon be shown the door. The Sierra Club honored the Honda Insight with its Award for Excellence in Environmental Engineering. This is the first product award ever given by the 108-year-old environmental group.2 We’ve heard about the electric automobile revolution for years, but only now are those promises becoming a reality. With several models available right now from Alabama dealerships, the dawn of the alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) is beginning to touch every corner of the nation. But the most important thing about these new vehicles is their superiority in some aspects to the gas-only cars and trucks we’ve all come to depend on. No longer built just to â€Å"send an environmental message†, the latest breed of vehicle can perform on par with many of the conventional vehicles you see on the road today, while giving its owner the advantages of unbelievably high fuel efficiency and extremely long operating range. The Honda Insight Hybrid EV combines a small 1.0 liter 3-cylinder gasoline engine with a 144-volt NiMH electric motor giving the Insight a range of up to 700 miles, all at a cost of around $20,000.3 With the number of companies in the electric transportation industry embarking on bold new acquisitions, the stage is now set for a more robust and competitive EV market, offering consumers a wider range of alternative modes of transportation. DaimlerChrysler has positioned itself for the future through a strategic purchase of Global Electric MotorCars (GEM), currently the largest producer in the United States of electric vehicles that can be licensed for use on public roads, producing approximately 5,000 units per year. DaimlerChrysler along with Ford Motor Company will soon be the first to sell neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs) in the United States. Sales and leasing figures for battery and electric-duty light passenger vehicles for the last 4 years have risen from 39 units in 1996 to 1277 units in 1999 with those figures projected to be substantially higher for the year 2000.

Human Nature is essentially evil in Lord of the Flies Essay

During the 1950s when Golding had written Lord of the Flies war and conflict was amongst them. World War Two had recently ended and there was strong tension between Russia and the West. Russia and America had been building up nuclear weapons since the 1930’s, believing that these weapons would protect them from attack. This is known as the Cold War. In the book Golding constantly gives us hints that war is going on, for example when Piggy reminds Ralph that the plane crashed because they were attacked. The adult world at the time was full of evil and hate which is shown in the book. For example Hitler, whose aggresive ways seem to mirror the actions of Jack, who throughout the novel builds up power, eventually forming a ‘dictatorship’. When the boys arrive on the island the situation is calm. From the beginning we start to see some of Jacks dictitorial traits, this shown by the introduction of the ‘choir boys’ and him wanting to be chief. Most of the boys side with Ralph and elect him as leader. Jack is also described as having red hair, which is often used to portray someone with a fiery personality. Jack is the character who has largest appetite to kill; his highest ambition towards the beginning of the book is to kill the pig. Later on in the novel Roger show clear signs of mounting agressive behaviour. In the beginning he started to show his agression by knocking over sand castes built by the ‘little’uns’ as the novel progresses his actions become ever more violent ending in him killing piggy. Ralph and Piggy unlike Jack believe in fairness and democracy, the conch and piggy’s glasses play an important role in keeping order and sanity within the boys. Towards the end of the novel both of these important items are destroyed. Golding shows that human nature is evil by making the two sainest characters join in the killing of Simon. The glasses symbolised intelligence and thought so when they were destroyed Ralph often metions a ‘curtain’ meaning he can’t think clearly. The beast is first ‘sighted’ by a ‘little’un’ who said he saw a snake like beast in the night that turned out be a creeper when daylight returned. This ‘beast’ is probably the most important factor in book because it symbolises ‘fear in the heart of man’. Initially the boys take no notice of this ‘little’un’ but as time goes on’ other boys believe they have seen the beast but in a different form. Jack tries to show his bravery by offering hunt down the beast. Ralph tries to be rational and explain that there is no such thing but he has difficulty persuaded the other boys. Jack and Ralph believe in totally different principles with this in mind Jack forms his own tribe who are there to hunt and have fun, were Ralph requires the boys to tend to the fire and build shelters. The boy’s fear of the beast increases aswell as the boy’s savage behaviour. The boys regularly perform a tribal dance with one the boys pretending to be a pig dancing and chanting ‘kill pig, cut his throat, and spill his blood’ this chanting is both primitive and pagan. Whether real or imaginary the beast is present in all, it represents what Ralph calls ‘the darkness I mans heart’ this shows that the beast is capacity for evil and wrong doing in all of us. Law and order disintegrates gradually, as the fear of the beast becomes more real over time. The conch and piggy’s glasses were the centre of law, order and democracy so once they were desroyed democracy and order andhad gone with it. Were nearly all of the other boy’s show that human nature is essetially evil, there is one character that stands out for goodness and innocence which is Simon. Simon is shown to be unconventional; he is also thoughtful and kind. He is shown to be good till the end. He often will just go off on his own which eventually puts him it great danger because once he wandered off during the night and a ‘little’un’ saw him and believed him to be the beast. Golding was a very relious man, some people think that Simon represents Jesus. He dies because he tries telling the others the truth about the soldier whom they believe is the beast but they don’t care. He has a conversation with the Lord of the Flies which represents the confrontation between good and evil. Some of the words that Golding uses when he is talking about Simon describe religious scences; the candle bud’s open wide as he sits alone in the forest at dusk which makes you think of church candles. He is the true exception in this book the one that is truly good.

Abusive Relationships Essay

Abusive Relationships can cause physical and emotional violence, fear, and even guilt. Many abusive relationships often go unheard because of the threat from the abuser. Abusive relationships impact millions of relationships each day and teenage girls are at the highest risk. The impact on these relationships can cause life changing consequences. Abusive relationships can cause many physical altercations that can be life threatening. In the journal, â€Å"Reporting Domestic Violence,† a journalist states the warning signs of physically abusive relationships: â€Å"According to the national Domestic Violence Hotline, you may be in a physically abusive relationship if your partner has ever: damaged property when angry (e.g. thrown objects, punched walls, kicked doors, etc.), pushed, slapped, bitten, kicked or choked you, abandoned you in a dangerous or unfamiliar place, scared you by driving recklessly, used a weapon to threaten or hurt you, forced you to leave your home, trapped you in your home or kept you from leaving, prevented you from calling police or seeking medical attention, hurt your children, or used physical force in sexual situations.† (â€Å"Reporting Domestic Violence†) This quote illustrates the warnings of a potential abusive relationship. This quote is connected to the hypothesis because some of the signs can be physically life threatening. In the movie â€Å"Enough,† â€Å"there is a part when Jennifer Lopez (Slim) and her daughter try to escape from the abusive marriage and he finds the husbands catches up to them and hits, slaps, kicks, and punches Slim almost to death.† (Apted) This quote illustrates the hardship and struggle of abusive relationships. This quote is connected to the hypothesis the wife in the movie almost got killed by her abusive husband. Abusive Relationships did not only cause by physical abuse but also mental abuse. Emotional pain was another heavy toll caused by abusive relationships. In the article, â€Å"The Dark Side of Dating,† the author states how the abuser feels about being in an abusive relationship: â€Å"When there are good times, you might think that once the bad stuff is â€Å"fixed† the relationship will go back to how it was before it went bad,† says Corcoran. But being with someone who swings between being cruel and being kind can  have consequences, including making you feel depressed or really bad about yourself. â€Å"Max had put me down so much that I had no self esteem,† says Brittny.† (Larsen) This quote illustrates how an abuser can make you feel bad about yourself. This quote is connected to the hypothesis because the victim in the article faced self esteem issues because of the emotional pain in a relationship. In the journal, â€Å"Reporting Domestic Violence,† a journalist states the emotional warning signs of an abusive rela tionship: â€Å"Calls you names, insults you or continually criticizes you; does not trust you and acts jealous or possessive; tries to isolate you from friends and family; monitors where you go, who you call and who you spend time with, does not want you to work, controls finances or refuses to share money; punishes you by withholding affection; experts you to ask permission, threatens to hurt you, the children, your family, or your pets; humiliates you in any way.† (â€Å"Reporting Domestic Violence†) This quote illustrates the emotional/mental signs of a bad relationship. This quote is connected to the hypothesis because it shows an emotional burden on a relationship. Sometimes relationships can even cause a heavy fear from the victim. Abusive relationships for the victim can cause them to be terrified of the abuser. In the article, â€Å"A woman tells of escape from abusive spouse,† the author states the fright of one victim’s abusive relationship: â€Å"I turned into a quivering, shivering little mouse that was afraid of being in his presence,† said Elaine, whose last name is withholding for her protection. â€Å"I second guessed every move, second guessed every action.† For Elaine, the abuse was more emotional than physical, nut she felt unable to leave her husband, even when an escape route was offered.† (Rodriguez) This quote illustrates the fear of how a woman was afraid of her husband and how she could not leave him even though she was terrified of him. This quote is connected to the hypothesis because the mother was afraid of what might happen if she stayed. In the article, â€Å"A woman tells of escape from abusive spouse,† the author states the fear of a wife who w as afraid to even go out in the waiting room after a doctor visit: â€Å"I was shaking,† Elaine said. â€Å"They (attendants) noticed something was wrong. I said, â€Å"Please, don’t make me go back out in that waiting room. Can you just keep me here and let me see the doctor now? And they did.† Medical personnel gave her a card with  contact information for Mainstay, the Hendersonville nonprofit that supports victims of domestic abuse. They told her Mainstay would find her a place to stay that night.† (Rodriguez) This quote illustrates the extreme fear of a wife seeing her husband. This quote is connected to the hypothesis because it states the mother fear of the abuser. Abusive Relationships not only caused fear but even guilt from the victim. Abusive Relationships can cause victims of the abusers to feel guilt. In the journal, â€Å"I didn’t want to put them through that: the influence of children on victim decision-making in intimate partner violence cases,† the author states how a victim feels about putting her kids through this situation, â€Å"The guilt I feel everyday and try to figure out, â€Å"What was wrong with me, why did I put my children through that, why did I make them hear things they heard?† I can relate to having that degrading feeling, â€Å"How could you allow yourself to get in that situation and how could you, how could you†¦ put your kids through this?† (Rhodes 5) This quote illustrates how a mother felt guilty about putting her kids through the abusive relationship. This quote is connected to the hypothesis because the victim of the relationship felt guilty. In the article, â€Å"A woman tells of escape from abusive spouse,† the author states how guilt is fe lt by the victim: â€Å"I put my son on the line for that man, and I’ll never forget it,† Elaine said. â€Å"I will feel guilty until the day I die for that. But I can’t change it and the guilt is so extreme—-there is no other guilt greater than that. I have to deliberately put it outside my head because it will kill me. I couldn’t handle that.† (Rodriguez) This quote illustrates the remorse of one mother’s decision in staying in the abusive relationship with her child even when she had an outlet to get help. This quote is connected to the hypothesis because it shows how the abuser feels shameful for staying in an abusive relationship with a child. The guilt from abusive relationships was one of many aspects of bad relationships. Abusive relationships is a horrible thing going on today in our world. Abusive relationships have caused emotional problems such as depression and physical problems including death. Over 1.5 million teens were abused last year. The main aspects of abusive relationships are physical and emotional  violence, fear, and guilt. Works Cited Page Enough.Apted,Michael.Dir. Perf. Jennifer Lopez,Billy Campbell.Columbia Pictures, 2002. DVD. Larsen, Foy, Elizabeth. â€Å"The Dark Side of Dating.† Scholastic Choices. 01 Feb 2014: 14 eLibrary. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. â€Å"Reporting Domestic Violence.† Journal of the American Chiropractic Association (2012). Academic Onefile. Web. 13 Mar. 2014 Rhodes, Karin V., et al. â€Å"I didn’t want to put them through that: the influence of children on victim decision-making in intimate partner violence cases.† Journal of Family Violence 25.5 (2010) 485+. Academic Onefile. Web. Mar. 2014 Rodriguez, Sandra V. â€Å"A woman tells of escape from abusive spouse.†Asheville Citizen-Times; Ashville;N.C. 23. May 2011. A1 eLibrary. Web. Mar. 2014 Abusive Relationships Essay Introduction Abusive Relationships are created mentally and physically. In my opinion, the definition for abuse describes a person with harmful intents; lacking concern, compassion, or affection for another human being. The following annotated bibliographies will express different stages of abuse in set climates. The purpose is to evaluate opinions of the authors selected with the most relevant connections to the behavior patterns of abusive relationships. The Effects of Abusive Relationships Rafenstein, M. (2001). Recognizing an abusive Relationship. Current Health, 2,(5): 27. This article exploits the signs of abusive relationships. Recognizing abuse and the signs most commonly overlooked by those being abused. The article takes a closer look through the eyes of the abuser in order to reveal the dangers of the relationship. Understanding why and how abusers think is important to a survivor. Distinguishing an attitude from a behavior could be the difference between life and death. The article has helpful insight that act as warning signals, easily overlooked by those who would become victims. Normally, the focus is centered on the victim, this article takes the power away from the abuser by disclosing the tactics used before the behavior. This article is very useful to my methods of research because it explains the warning signs and cautious behavior. Seeing the patterns of abuse from a different angle will assist prevention and awareness programs in all communities; especially those living with repeat offenders. Steiner, Leslie Morgan.(2009). Crazy Love: A Memoir. New York, NY: St. Martin. The author, Leslie Morgan Stenier, wrote this book as a Memoir about being married to an abusive husband. His actions and behavior motivates her to tell all and to be an example for other wives who feel trapped. The mental and physical abuse became a documented source of support that led to writing this book as a survivor. This book presents real life events of being married to a dangerous predator. It is a good source for my research, showing the mindset of a wife, victim, and survivor. The author made a life changing decision to tell and the lifesaving decision to leave. The weaknesses of her past become a stepping stone for other women in the same predicament. The book closes the gaps between coping and surviving abuse. Newton, C.J. â€Å"Effects of Domestic Violence.† Domestic Violence: An Overview. 2009. 18 April 2010. < http://www.findcounseling.com/journal/domestic-violence/domestic-violence-effects.html> This article examines the long-term effects and the mental health of abuse. This website journals abusive effects that lead to crisis and the process of healing. The article refers to case studies monitored by John Hopkins that concern children born to an abused mother. The article provides professional resources such as: crisis prevention and advocacy programs. This site also offers self-assessments and a glossary of mental health. This article is a valuable source for abusive relationship research that offers a website for battered women and children. This article is a very good source for addressing abusive relationships and the threats victims ignore before the worst actions occur. It is very helpful in filtering out threats that may cause dangerous actions. This article brings the law into fruition and encourages victims to break the silence and stopping the violence. Adam, Shapiro, Anderson, K., Glick, J. Umberson, D. â€Å"Domestic Violence, Personal Control, and Gender: National Council on Family Relations. â€Å"Journal of Marriage and Family. Vol. 60, No. 2: May 1998. 442-452. The authors of this article examine domestic violence, personal control and gender within relationships. They use the research literature to explain the consequences of being in unhealthy family settings. This article brings clarity to domestic violence and abuse labeled with the family values that are disguised. Gender plays a vital role in personal control and abuse within relationships. According to this article, the person with the most influence usually has more personal control and often makes the other person feel inferior. This article provides a clear understanding of the roles within an abusive relationship. It was very helpful with the research for abusive relationship. The article has calculated statistics gathered from selected sources that shows patterns and behavior trends of abuse. The authors explain the phase violence that promoted the unhealthy lifestyle that is usually hidden from others. The article reveals how gender is relevant to the process of violence. Flynn, Clifton P. â€Å"Relationship Violence by Women: Issues and Implications†: National Council on Family Relations. Family Relations. Vol. 39, No. 2: Apr. 1990.194-198. Clifton P. Flynn analyzes women who are abusive in relationships. Flynn focuses on violent and dysfunctional acts done by women, rather than men. Society presume women to be nurturing with maternal instincts, this article unmasks the evil inside of heartless, abusive women. The statistics from the empirical research shows wives, mothers, and female caretakers as batterers. According to the article, abuse inflicted by women is not reported as much as abuse by men. This article helps to define the fine lines between genders and abuse. It is relevant to research about abusive relationships showing that women can be abusers too. The author gives biased opinions with facts of documentation from family members and those with personal contact with abusive women. This article describes the images of abuse that are hidden from society. Connolly, Jennifer, and Wendy Josephson. â€Å"Aggression in Adolescent Dating Relationships†. 2007(14): 3-5. This article explains the dangers in dating from the point of view of both females and males. According to the article, boys are reported to have more aggressive behavior while dating and girls are likely to respond with self-defense. Both genders have symptoms of anxiety, fear, and emotional distractions. Statically, these behavior patterns often lead to becoming a run away and school drop outs. The article also list different influences that act as stress factors for aggressive  behavior, such as: violence within the home, drug and alcohol abuse, and peer pressure. The article has a positive motive for exposing aggressive behavior patterns amongst teen dating. The authors have strong viewpoints that are helpful for making rational decisions about the pros and cons. It provides signs of abuse and presents the top rated signs of awareness. The research addressed in the article is most helpful in deciding how to relate aggression and abuse with anxiety and behavior patterns. Most important the article addresses the reasons teens develop such outrageous habits of abuse.

IT and Web Essay Writing Practical Tips for College Students

IT and Web Essay Writing Practical Tips for College Students Nowadays, people extensively use information technology for nearly every aspect of their lives. Everything in today’s world is based on high-end technology advancement. These advancements provide a lens through which people can see the importance of information technology. IT studies are gaining a significant tract in educational institutions. More students are enrolling for IT courses, and even those who specialize in other studies encounter one or two information technology units in their course of study. Students pursuing courses in IT face similar problems as learners pursuing other studies. A significant problem that students among all courses face is the essays writing assignment within their area of specialization. Now that you are taking IT and web courses, you are likely to be dealing with a wide range of assignments. This guide aims at seizing college hardships by providing you with recommendations you can use to draft and present A-grade essays. Professors use essays to allow you to practice and develop transferable skills that are valuable not only in college but when the postgraduate era begins as well. The transferable skills that you will learn through completing your essays include reading and note-making, critical thinking and analysis, idea organization, and effective communication. Whether you are writing about data management, analytics or IT entrepreneurship, it will encourage you to develop a formal, disciplined approach to writing that communicates clearly and with authority. When tutors assign you essays, they expect you to develop and organize your thinking about the key concepts and issues in the IT course you are taking. The type of the essay you present to your lecturers allows them to assess your knowledge in the field. This guide will provide you with the necessary information that will enable you to write essays that communicate your ability to transform information into knowledge. Pre-Writing Tips for Your IT Web Essay Our Writers Use The important stages of the essay writing process include prewriting, drafting, revising, and editing. In various ways, prewriting is the most essential of these phases. It constitutes the writing phase that entails idea generation and requires you to determine the topic and the point-of-view for a target audience. During your writing, you should provide enough time to create a plan and develop an outline to organize materials for the final draft. Several strategies can be used to tackle the prewriting stage. A few of the most common pre wring strategies are indicated below. Brainstorming. This strategy involves coming up with as many ideas as possible about a particular topic. You do not need to worry about the feasibility of the idea or whether the idea is realistic or not. While brainstorming, you can create a list of your thoughts to help you make connections later on when writing your essay. Brainstorming can be done individually, or it can be shared with peers in your class. Freewriting. The strategy occurs when you write whatever comes to your mind about the IT topic for a specific amount of time. You should not worry about grammar, punctuation, or spelling. Instead, try to come up with as many ideas as possible to make your essay writing process easy. Mind maps. During pre-writing, mind mapping is an essential strategy that provides an opportunity to use visual ways to outline information. Varieties of mind maps are available for students to use and are essential at the prewriting stage. For instance, you can use webbing and write a word in the middle of a piece of paper. Then use lines to interconnect related words and phrases to the original word in the center. Thus, in the end, you have a wealth of ideas that are connected to the central IT idea. Doodling. Students have different learning styles and respond differently to various ways of knowledge delivery. For some, it is easier to respond well to being able to combine words with drawings as they think about what they want to write in the prewriting stage. The doodling strategy can open up creative lines of thought that will produce credible essays. Asking questions. Questioning is an appropriate prewriting element that allows students to come up with creative ideas. For instance, if the student has to write about management information systems, they might begin by asking themselves questions about information systems, their use, and application. These questions help to develop a deeper understanding of the IT topic before you begin to write. Outlining. Outlining is a traditional step in preparing for the writing process. It helps students organize their thoughts logically since it is typical to begin with a more general issue and then list more specific ideas related to a particular IT concept with supporting details. The more detailed an outline is from the beginning, the easier it will be for you to write your essay. Choosing an Appropriate Topic for Your IT Essay Topic selection is an important aspect of the essay writing process. Three scenarios may arise at this stage. First, your lecture may assign a specific topic in the IT field. Second, you may be provided with a set of IT essay topics to pick from. Third, you may be required to formulate a topic as long as it is within the chosen area of study. If your instructor doesn’t provide you with the topic, conduct preliminary research on various topics in the area before settling on one. Moreover, select a variety of topics you are familiar with and the ones with readily available information. Here are some tips to help you choose an essay topic for your IT essay. Select interesting issues. You are likely to be more enthusiastic about your writing when the chosen topic is interesting to you. If you lack a choice in selecting the topic, you can find an angle of the topic that is interesting to you. If your lecturer is bored and finds nothing interesting in your essay, you are likely to earn an average grade. However, if your paper fails in any other ways, there is no guarantee you will receive a good grade. Choose topics you know something about. Rather than trying to tackle unfamiliar essay topics, pick a subject you are familiar with. Writing on familiar topics is likely to make the essay writing process easier because you already have numerous ideas in your head. Besides, good knowledge of a subject area makes the essay project less demanding. Narrow the topic down to a manageable size. By now you probably have an idea of what to write about in your IT essay. Whatever the topic is, ask yourself if you can explore it and be clear on every page you need to fill. A manageable topic should neither be too broad nor too narrow. Approach the topic from an interesting angle. Approaching your topic from an interesting perspective will help keep your writing controlled, give it solid structure, and help you define your thesis. For example, instead of writing about information system management, refine the topic to a particular element of information system management or focus on a single organization then refine it further. For instance, focus on design development and documentation in the organization. Brainstorm. Write a list of ideas that you have. Note down anything that pops up in your head and keep writing until you have a long list of viable ideas that can be explored. Take a short break and then go back and see if any idea is born as these will help guide the direction of your essay. Research. If you have a vague idea of what to write about but you don’t know where to go with it, or you need to clarify it, find some books from the library, explore information technology journals and magazines, and engage your peers and tutors to help you come up with an appropriate topic. Re-use the topic. If you’ve already worked on a particular topic in the field of IT, you could re-use it for your current essay. However, you need to do that from a different perspective by adding new information or expounding on one aspect from your previous work. Here are potential IT essay topics you can use: Possible Ways Individuals Take Advantage of Loopholes in Technology to Cause Damage by Hacking Info from Companies; The Importance of Artificial Intelligence; The Evolution of AI and Its Current Use; How Utilization of Computer Programming Languages Combined with Game Theory Helps Develop 3-D Algorithms; The Latest Achievements in Technology: The Use of Robotics to Achieve Success in Medical Surgery. Writing an Effective Title for Your IT Essay A common issue among students and seasoned writers is omitting or underusing an essay title. The title of an essay helps prepare your target audience to understand the paper that is to follow. The first aspect in drafting an essay title should involve outlining its functions. A good essay title: Predicts the contents of the essay; Catches the reader’s interest; Reflects the tone of your writing; Presents keywords that define the essay and make it easily identifiable in online searches. Coming up with the right title is an integral part of crafting the essay. It should have an interesting hook that attracts the readers to your essay. It can be a quote that introduces the overall tone of your essay or a collection of keywords from it. Besides, the title should have one or two key terms that provide the reader with a sense of the content and the angle of your essay. In this case, the title you choose for your IT essay should provide the reader with an overall overview of the essay even before the essay is read in depth. The title should summarize the entire essay into a few words. Appropriate Structure for Your Information Technology Essay An appropriate outline should have at least the introduction, the main body, and the conclusion. The outline should appear as indicated below: Introduction. The introduction should occupy approximately 10% of the entire essay and explain how your essay interprets the title, the issues it explores, and the conclusion that you draw from the essay discussion. In this case, ensure your essay provides: An overview of the essay; The goals of the essay; The essays significance; The purpose statement; The thesis statement. Body. The body should take up to 80% of the essay content because it forms the main part of it. The content of the essay is presented in paragraphs where each paragraph provides a unique theme or element of the paper. Each paragraph should develop and explore the major arguments debated in the assignment and must have a topic sentence that presents your claims. Integrate the following into your essay paragraphs: A major discussion point in each paragraph; Major arguments and evidence that support the topic sentence of each paragraph; An explanation of the practicality of the topic sentence; A description of the paragraphs’ ability to link the thesis statement, essay topic and essay title. If the body has four main paragraphs, the first paragraph should focus on the strongest argument of the essay. The topic for this paragraph should be stated within the first several sentences (the topic sentence), and appropriate content should be used to support it. The ideas you choose to discuss in each paragraph should follow in order of importance. Conclusion. The last part of your IT essay should slightly mirror the introduction and summarize the arguments you made in your previous paragraphs. It must also echo your thesis statement and describe how you proved your thesis. You should not introduce new ideas and concepts at this stage.

The Crucibe Essays

The Crucibe Essays The Crucibe Essay The Crucibe Essay The Crucible â€Å"A competent and self-confident person is incapable of jealousy in anything. Jealousy is invariably a symptom of neurotic insecurity† -Robert A. Heinlein. The The Crucible by Arthur Miller is a play about witchcraft hunts in Salem, Massachusetts where many where accused, many innocent victims were faced with a cruel decision. They could either confess that they were guilty and would get punished or deny any relationship with the devil and get hang. Arthur miller was inspired to write the play in response to events that were going on in America at the time. Many people including Arthur Miller were accused of being in the Communist Party, and were told to give names of other Communist. Arthur Miller compared these events to those of the Salem Witch Trials, and he wrote The Crucible with that as the underlying theme. The play The Crucible by Arthur Miller, is not only a dramatization of witchcraft, but also shows through many series of events that it’s a mirror of human weakness, hypocrisy, and jealousy. In The Crucible there is many times where the human weakness is shown. The human weakness is shown when all the people in the story that were accused of witchcraft admitted to being a witch or having relationships with the devil instead of being secured and denying the fact that they were not witches. An example of human weakness is the beginning of the play where Tituba was accused of witchcraft by Abigail Williams; she denied it â€Å"I don’t compact with no Devil! † (Miller 44). Then Mr. Putman says â€Å"This woman must be hanged† (Miller 44). Then Tituba showing her human weakness falls to her knees saying in a terrified voice â€Å"No, no don’t hang Tituba! I tell him I don’t desire to work for him, sir† (Miller 44). This is the most commonly used human weakness in The Crucible. Another example is when Abigail notices that by Tituba confessing that she was a witch she now had power to make accusations. So when her human weakness gave in she also confessed â€Å"I want the light of God, I want the sweet love of Jesus† (Miller 48). Even though Abigail knew that it would be wrong to lie and say she had a relationship with devil she did it any ways because of human weakness. She had fear that she would be hung or punished and only way for her to get out of it was to accuse others of what they want to accuse her of. One of the characters in The Crucible that is very hypocrisy is Judge Danforth. So when Rev. Hale attempts to help the people that were being accused, Danforth says â€Å"I will not receive a single plea for pardon or postponement. Them that will not confess will hang. Twelve are already executed†(Miller 129). Danforth sees himself as one of the â€Å"elected† and thinks that he has the power to do what he thinks has to be done. Judge Danforth believes that he is helping the community but instead he is taking the lives of the innocent people that had the strong will of denying witchcraft. Danforth believes that he is better than everyone else and that God has gave him powers to give justice to the community, but instead he is forcing innocent people to lie about their confession in order to save their lives and that is unjustly. The main causes why Danforth is so hypocrite is his pride and his belief that he is doing the right things. Rev. Parris is supposed to be a leader of Salem and is supposed to live a simple life taking care of his parish. Instead of him being someone that the town could look up to he is a hypocritical man. He preaches about money and golden candlesticks rather than God. The others argue with Rev. Parris about his pay and that he is not doing what he is expected to do as a minister. Parris complains â€Å"I am paid little enough† (Miller 29). He is complaining about his salary rather than trying to live a simple life and be responsible for his town. Then when Betty is blamed of being a witch, Rev. Parris is more concern about his reputations and his job than he is about Betty. â€Å"Jealousy is a nasty emotion, causing nice people to act mean, calm people to act rash, and even the steadiest of tempers to rise†-unknown. Abigail, one of the main characters is motivated by jealousy of Elizabeth Proctor because she wants to be married to John Proctor, Elizabeth’s husband. Abigail wants to have Elizabeth dead when she says to John â€Å"Oh, I marvel how such a strong man may let such a sickly wife be-† (Miller 23). Abigail is having a conversation with John Proctor about her wanting to be with him. John tells her â€Å"I never gave you hope to wait for me† (Miller 22). This just gets Abigail even more jealous and angry at Elizabeth. Later in the story Abigail accuses Elizabeth of witchcraft so she could be hung and then she could finally be with John.

A Comparison of Death in The Scarlet Letter and My Antonia Essay

Importance of Death in The Scarlet Letter and My Antonia       It is universally acknowledged that one who comes into this world must also leave. Just like everything else, even life and death is a binary composition. You cannot have one without the other. Although not many people like to think about it, death is a very important factor not only in life, but also in literature. Most often, death is portrayed as evil or gruesome, especially in commercial fiction. However, there are literary texts, which portray death through other factors. Through the depiction of the deaths of Arthur Dimmesdale and Mr. Shimerdas in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter and Willa Cather's My Antonia, respectively, the reader is able to associate the significance of such issues as guilt, revenge/murder, religion, and the consequences of the two deaths. It may seem odd that instead of concentrating on the central female characters to portray these important issues, I have chosen two male characters. However, it is through the deaths of the male chara cters that the central females, Hester and Antonia are able to shine as women.    In both these novels, the death scenes of the characters are ambiguous. In relation to one issue or another there is always something vague or missing, which leaves the readers to judge for themselves. The death scene in The Scarlet Letter is very powerful and full of remorse .    Arthur collapsing into the arms of his loved one, after pleading with the people to look at Hester's scarlet letter once again, showing Roger how he had sinned as well, acknowledging Pearl and relieving her of her "...errand as a messenger of anguish" (Hawthorne 222) by kissing her, and fin moil and keep her father's past alive. Both deaths also imply more than what meets the eye. While Arthur's death is surrounded by the possibility of revenge, Mr. Shimerdas' death is encircled by the likelihood of murder. The two deaths also highlight the importance of religion. Arthur, being a Reverend, is given the strength by God to confront his sins, while Mr. Shimerdas, also a Reverend of sorts, is buried and forced to live an afterlife of uncertain paths due to his faith. Lastly, the aftermaths of these deaths, is what makes The Scarlet Letter and My Antonia two great works of literature. Through Arthur's death, Hester is once again able to display her inner strength by making her own choices and standing by her love, whereas Antonia through the death of her father is able to excel in a man's world, while not forgetting her womanhood.

Thieves of Baghdad Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thieves of Baghdad - Essay Example hesis statement: In the work Thieves of Baghdad, Matthew Bogdanos exposes museum looting in Iraq, the effort to restore the looted items, and the global problem of illegal trade of antique items. The work is in the form of a firsthand account of an individual who is authorized to track down the antique items stolen from a museum. To be specific, Matthew Bogdanos portrays his own experiences in Iraq. His effort to restore the antique items stolen from the National Museum is an important part of the work’s plot. Besides, the work helps the readers to identify the hidden facts behind the archaeological and historical importance of the National Museum in Baghdad. Besides, Bogdanos helped the National Museum authorities to regain some of the valuable antique items stolen from the museum. In the work, the author portrays the problems faced by the investigators within the context of the unlawful trade of antique objects. So, the plot of the work is interconnected with the problems faced by the National Museum in Iraq and the global problem of the illegal trade of antique items. The issue of museum looting in Iraq is another theme made use by the author in the work. At the same time, the author criticizes the US forces in Iraq for ignoring the problem of museum looting. During the incident, the compound of the National Museum was under the control of Iraqi forces. Rothfield made clear that â€Å"In turning the museum into a military position, the Iraqis had violated the absolute prohibition against using protected cultural sites for military purposes† (90). As the National Museum compound was under the control of the Iraqi forces, there existed less scope to protect the valuable items displayed at the museum. The US decision to attack the Iraqi forces at the National Museum compound helped the illegal traders to loot the museum. Kelly and Thomas made clear that â€Å"An investigation headed by Colonel Matthew Bogdanos, USMC, concluded that 40 items were stolen from the

Managing People and Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Managing People and Organisations - Essay Example A corporate ethics program comprises a code of ethics, education and training of employees for ethics, a reporting and audit system, and an investigation system. In different corporations, the managers emphasize upon different components to different extent. In a vast majority of cases, the corporate ethics programs are designed and control by the senior management in a corporation. According to alpha.fdu.edu (n.d.), 84 per cent of the general counsel, 77 per cent CEOs, and 75 per cent senior human resources executives write the codes of ethics, whereas 58 per cent of the chairmen write the codes of ethics. This speaks of the magnitude of control exercised by the executives on the codes of ethics whereas employees are just required to comply with them as part of their job. A demand of blind faith upon the corporation on the part of the employees clearly reflects from these statistics. Although the conflicts between these roles are not experienced on the daily basis, yet the employees hope to find some clash or even the simplest decisions become too difficult to take in this world where the goals and interests of the corporations and the stakeholders are so diverse and variant, that conflicts are simply inevitable. In spite of the governmental regulations and legal frameworks within which the corporations have to remain and do the business, we cannot rely on corporations to be ethical and responsible. Ethical decision making processes have reportedly been found to be important always throughout the past many years. â€Å"The language of ethics and responsibility seems to be here to stay, and is claiming a degree of centrality as the necessary conscience of managerial capitalism† (Parker, 2002, p. 92). One of the fundamental reasons why we cannot expect corporations to be ethical and responsible is that there is no definitive answer to every ethical question. In order to find the right answer to every ethical question, we need to have the right tools. The bad aspect about this bleak situation is that workforce is left to deal with the consequences when ethical requirements are not fulfilled. Employers also get affected in myriad ways like not being able to achieve maximum cooperation of the employees raises much concern for many corporations when it comes to maintaining the productivity level. Employees find themselves unable to cooperate with employers on more levels when many ethical requirements get crushed under the employers’ feet. Now the conditions are much better but such a situation of less cooperation due to lack of ethical consideration particularly developed abruptly when economic recession spread globally. Organizations began to fire even the responsible staff members due to not being able to ensure reasonable salaries to every employee. Lay offs became very common and ethical rights of employees began getting severely violated too. This shows that corporations cannot be always trusted to carry out all their funct ions ethically and responsibly since nothing can be perfect and certain sacrifices have to be made by the employees within a workplace in favor of demanding employers who rush after meeting certain goals in this age of excessive competitiveness. Nevertheless, lack

AB 109 and Institutional Corrections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

AB 109 and Institutional Corrections - Essay Example The bill provided guidelines to be used in decongesting the state prisons and at the same time increase capacity within county prisons. California has 33 state prisons which initially had exceeded its capacity by more than 100%. The main goal of the California department of corrections and rehabilitation was to ensure public safety by preventing crime and realizing social responsibilities (Misczynski, 2011). The adult department had three major departments which was the male department, female department and the parole department. The number of parole violators and recidivist prisoners was adding to the overgrowing population among prisoners. The population prevents effective service delivery and prevents effective healthcare delivery (Lofstrom et al. 2012). The increased population prompted the state prisons this release offenders before their time elapses. The county prisons had limited jurisdiction over felony offenders and parole violators. The assembly bill (AB 109), was enacted to expand the jurisdiction of county court to enable them deal with cases that were initially assigned to the state courts. This was an effort by the state of California to change the manner in which adult correctional facilities were managed. The decongestion programs aimed at reducing the number of inmate in state detention facilities and accommodate them in the country facilities. According to Lofstrom et al. (2012) the bill was a move by the California to decongest the 33 state prisons by approximately 137.5%. The bill was an effort of by a taskforce which recommended the decongestion. In 2011 the recommendations by the task force were implemented. The assembly bill also allowed low- felony offenders to serve their jail term in country prisons rather than the state prisons. The state prisons where to regulate the inmate population. No inmate was to be transferred to the county prisons upon the implementation of the bill. In that sense no prison would be released prior to his

Leadership (Nelson Mandela) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership (Nelson Mandela) - Essay Example Nelson Mandela started his Bachelor studies at University College of Fort Hare but did not complete the degree. He was expelled from school for joining in a student protest. He completed his BA from the University of South Africa and went back to Fort Hare for his graduation in 1943. Meanwhile he started studying law in the University of Witwatersrand. He was weak in studies and left the University without graduating. He again started studying from London University after his imprisonment in the year 1962 and then also he could not complete his degree. In the year 1989 he was graduated by the absentia ceremony in Cape Town. A two year diploma allowed Nelson to practice law in Africa. Nelson Mandela was caught in a countrywide police Swoop. Men and women of all the races found themselves in the dock for marathon trial including Nelson Mandela (Harris 35-40). Nelson Mandela is one of the people to achieve almost universal respect around the world and across the political spectrums. Racial discrimination is one major global social issue where agitation was raised leaded by Nelson Mandela. His role in fighting with struggle of oppressed people around the world and the ability of crisis of its rebirth gave him an international reputation. Mandela was the first elected president in 1994. He tackled the challenges making unity between both countries’ racial grouping and fragmented public services. The African National Congress is one of major party in Government of South Africa. ANC was founded in the year 1912 with an aim to create the South African Union which started institutionalizing on racial discrimination against the blacks. As the leader of South Africa, Nelson Mandela faces many challenges for leading his countrymen into the twenty first century. People have been divided and affected by years of racism, who introduced many ra ces and cultures. He was served peace, unity, and changes for the

The University of Findlay The Academic Support Center Essay

The University of Findlay The Academic Support Center - Essay Example According to the director of the ASC, the center is ever full of students in search of academic assistance. Although most of the students access the center individually, there are also others that come as a group. According to the director, when one enters the center, one cannot fail to note how busy the place is especially during the day as well as in the afternoon when most of the students are through with the day’s classes.   According to the director, most of the students that visit the center always improve in their academics. However, for these improvements to be achieved, students ought to be dedicated. According to the director, for the students to progress in their academics, they also need to be dedicated and focused in their work. For this to be achieved, the ASC always seeks the assistance of tutors; hence tutors are ever there to offer support to students accessing the facility. Although tutors are ever present in the center to offer educational support, not all tutors are present; hence it is normally advisable for the students to make appointments to know the tutors that will be present on a particular day and time.  According to the director, the oiler success center is a facility that can be used for quite a number of things. First, students can use this center for the purpose of conducting their studies, and this is because the center is calm and has study tables, and hence it is an ideal place for conducting personal studies or taking part in study groups.  

AB 109 and Institutional Corrections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

AB 109 and Institutional Corrections - Essay Example The bill provided guidelines to be used in decongesting the state prisons and at the same time increase capacity within county prisons. California has 33 state prisons which initially had exceeded its capacity by more than 100%. The main goal of the California department of corrections and rehabilitation was to ensure public safety by preventing crime and realizing social responsibilities (Misczynski, 2011). The adult department had three major departments which was the male department, female department and the parole department. The number of parole violators and recidivist prisoners was adding to the overgrowing population among prisoners. The population prevents effective service delivery and prevents effective healthcare delivery (Lofstrom et al. 2012). The increased population prompted the state prisons this release offenders before their time elapses. The county prisons had limited jurisdiction over felony offenders and parole violators. The assembly bill (AB 109), was enacted to expand the jurisdiction of county court to enable them deal with cases that were initially assigned to the state courts. This was an effort by the state of California to change the manner in which adult correctional facilities were managed. The decongestion programs aimed at reducing the number of inmate in state detention facilities and accommodate them in the country facilities. According to Lofstrom et al. (2012) the bill was a move by the California to decongest the 33 state prisons by approximately 137.5%. The bill was an effort of by a taskforce which recommended the decongestion. In 2011 the recommendations by the task force were implemented. The assembly bill also allowed low- felony offenders to serve their jail term in country prisons rather than the state prisons. The state prisons where to regulate the inmate population. No inmate was to be transferred to the county prisons upon the implementation of the bill. In that sense no prison would be released prior to his

The University of Findlay The Academic Support Center Essay

The University of Findlay The Academic Support Center - Essay Example According to the director of the ASC, the center is ever full of students in search of academic assistance. Although most of the students access the center individually, there are also others that come as a group. According to the director, when one enters the center, one cannot fail to note how busy the place is especially during the day as well as in the afternoon when most of the students are through with the day’s classes.   According to the director, most of the students that visit the center always improve in their academics. However, for these improvements to be achieved, students ought to be dedicated. According to the director, for the students to progress in their academics, they also need to be dedicated and focused in their work. For this to be achieved, the ASC always seeks the assistance of tutors; hence tutors are ever there to offer support to students accessing the facility. Although tutors are ever present in the center to offer educational support, not all tutors are present; hence it is normally advisable for the students to make appointments to know the tutors that will be present on a particular day and time.  According to the director, the oiler success center is a facility that can be used for quite a number of things. First, students can use this center for the purpose of conducting their studies, and this is because the center is calm and has study tables, and hence it is an ideal place for conducting personal studies or taking part in study groups.  

Financial Forecasting CheckPoint Essay Example for Free

Financial Forecasting CheckPoint Essay The reason type of companies such as brand new companies, family-owned companies, and long-standing companies would need a financial forecast is to develop projected financial statements; a series of pro forma. The information developed by a series of pro forma provide a sort of estimate on inventory, payables, receivables as well as what would be required for profit and borrowing. A projected financial statement provides a kind of advantage in any of the companies listed above as it gives the firm an insight on operations. A pro forma would help guide companies in deciding how to best operate and succeed. When starting a brand new company a financial forecast is essential. A financial forecast would help a brand new company decide on how much inventory would be needed, cost of start up and production, and how much capital is needed. Obtaining a financial forecast would also help guide a brand new company on how much profit the company can make, whether a bank loan would be needed to start up and how many individuals can be hired. Family-owned companies need financial forecast just as much as a brand new company. A family-owned company would need a financial forecast for obtaining information from the simplest of things like how much inventory is in stock, profit sharing, expected expenses and profit for the future. A family-owned company would need a financial forecast to also make good decisions on continuing a successful business, which department needs revamped or tweaked. It is essential for a family-owned company to obtain a financial forecast to also estimate whether sales income would be enough to cover expenses and whether cutbacks need to be made.

Mark Ratners Concepts of Molecular Electronics

Mark Ratners Concepts of Molecular Electronics Mark Ratner  and  The Basis of the Future: Molecular Electronics Levent BahadÄ ±rhan KarakuÃ…Å ¸ 2. Introduction Mark Ratner, He is professor of chemistry and professor of materials science and engineering at Northwestern University. He studies the theory of fundamental chemical processes related to nanoscale application. Ratner is a member of the Internatioanal Academy of Quantum Molecular Science also, His lectures subjects were â€Å"Transport in molecular Junctions†and â€Å"Nano and Energy† at Stanfort University at 2009. I choose Mark Ratner because, Topic of Nano technology and energy generation are important on the sustainable energy. High capaticy batteries, high technology solar cells, etc. besides; new tech-power plants or storages These topics to be studied for me. In short, Quantum mechanics and Nano technology are always interested me[20]. 2.1. Education He graduated from Harvard University department of chemistry at 1964. Then, He started Ph.D. in chemistry from Nortwestern University and working with G. Ludwig hofaker. Ratner first lecture chemistry at New York University from 1970 until 1974[20] 2.2. Career Development He worked may extended period of time in israel and he worked with lots of scientists, including form Tel Aviv University and University of Jesursalem. Also Rater works international association, particularly in Netherlands and Denmark[20] 3. Fields 3.1 Molecular Electronics (Primary field) Molecular electronics increased interest in as of late, induced spawning by information technology may reach it computability limits in a several years. [1-2]. In order to molecular electronics to become a valued alternative to silicon researces, It will not be enough to generated molecular electronic devices with distinguished characteristics, but proper circuit and architectural solution will be needed. When lots of effort has given to the demonstration of electronic functionalities of one molecules and organic filmsi research at the circuit and system level is still in its beginning[5-9]. Investigation on single molecules or nanotube based devices prospect to keep Moore’s law alive once miniaturisation of silicon-based structures becomes useless. As first proposed by Aviram and Ratner [10]. One can imagine to squeeze whole nonlinear circuit elements such as transistors or diodes into single molecules. In principle, suchlike devices could be importantly faster and smaller th an end of the routemap solid state electron devices[11]. 3.1.1 Why molecular electronics? Intrinsically entire electronic processes in nature, from photosynthesis to signal transduction, occur in molecular structures. For electronic epplications, molecular structure have four major advantages: Size: The size scale of molecules is between 1 and 100nm, a scale that permits functional nano-structures with attendant advantages in efficiency, cost and power dissipation. Assembly and recognition: One can exploit secific internolcular interaction to from structures with nano-scale self assembly. Molecular recognition can be used to chance electronic attitutde, providing both swithing and sensing capabilities on the one molecule scale. Dynamical stereochemistry: lots of molecules gave multiple distinct stable conformations or isomers. Such geometric isomers can gave distinct optical and electronic properties. For instance, the retinal one switches between more than one stable structures, a process that transduces light into a chemoelectrical pulse and allows vision. Synthetic tailorability: with choice of character and geometry, ona can extensively vary a transport of the molecule, binding, structural and optical properties. The instrument of molecular synthesis are extremely developed.[12] [http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/reports/reportpdf/report52.pdf] 3.1.2 Electrode The molecule electrode interface is a severely significant component of a molecular junction. It might limit current flow or completely modify the measured electrical response of the junction. Lots of experimental platforms for constructiong molecular electronic devices are founded on practical comsideration. This approach is in numerous ways the boon and the disaster of the field. For instance, the sulfur gold bond is a fabulous chemical hangle for forming self assembled, forceful organic monolayers on metal surfaces. Other technics such as using a scanning probe tip a cÄ ±ntact the molecule are frequently employed in part. Becuse that avoid processing steps that can damage or unexpecteably modify the molecular component. Optimally the couice of electrode materials would be based not on the easy of production or measurement, but rather on first principles considerations of molecule electrode interactions. On the other hand, in state of the art for the theory of molecule electrode interfaces is very elemantary. [http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/reports/reportpdf/report52.pdf] 3.1.3 DNA Consider a protein that spans a cell membrane and shuttles information across that membrane. The protein self assembles and self orients in the membrane; it also might switch between two forms, only one of that will transmit the chemicalsignal. Proteins are big molecues and indeed a specific molecular size is required to achieve such a rich combination of properties. The rotaxane molecule shown large and comples, but it is indeed efficiently and small designed, given the set of mechanical, chemical, and electronic properties that have been built into it[16]. Quite likely, transport in DNA junctions will show that the molecule or at least naturally occuring DNA is actually a wide bandgap semiconductor characterized by localized hole hopping between the low energy guanine cytosine pairs. Also guanin yields the most stable positive ion. Because the band gap is wide, DNA seems colourless and long range coherent charge motion is improbable[17]. 3.1.4 Circuit Architecture The potential of chemical synthesis to design specific and maybe even useful device behaviors is rapidly being realised. The following question, what sorts of circuit architectures can most take advantage of molecular electronics, is nowadays receiving rather a bit of attention both from computer scientists and from researchers; progress towerd indentifying and constructing working molecular electronics circutry has advanced fastly[13]. 3.1.5 The Future The primary challenges of realizing a true molecular electronics technology are wintry. Controlled fabriaction to within specified tolerances and its expermental verification is a exclusive problem. Self assembly schemes based on molecular recognition will be viral for that work. Absolutely reproducible measurments of junction conductance are only beginning in laboratories at Cornell, Harvard, Delft, Purdue and karlsruhe Universities and at the Naval research laboratory and same centers. A lot of the technology targets of molecular electronics, such as the computational applications duscussed, should perhaps be viewed as drivers for steering the field forward and for defining the critical and rate limiting challenges that must be overcome[14]. 3.2 Electron transport in molecular wire junctions Molecular conductance junction are structures in that unimolecules or minor groups of molecules conduct electrical current between one than one electrodes In such junctions, the linkage between the molecule and the electrodes very affects the current boltage characteristics. Considering theoretical and several experimental advances, including the understanding of basic systems, there is still limited correspondence between theoretical and experimental studies of these systems[18]. 3.3 Mesoscopic features of charge Generation in organic semiconductors Over the past twenty years, organic materials gave been extremly investigated by countless research groups for implementation in organic photo voltaic(OPV) devices. The organic semi conductors is protrusive by their potential low cost and facile tunability, making organic photovoltaic devices a knowledfe gap in our common understanding of materials, so boyh the time scale and lenght scale (fento to microsecond and nano to micrometer) proper to OPV functionality occupy a challenging a impressive space between the traditional regimes of quantum mechanics and solid state physics[19]. 4. Conclusion Ratner lead up lots of field, research centre and laboratories foremost; International Business Machines (IBM) and The defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Also, He described his experiences as an organizing member; a member of the board of directors and being on steering and selectrion committee. The significance of gaving a staff at research centre and proposal some thoughts on the future nanotechnology. Once for all, Ratner have a part in many today’s technology References [1] J. R. Heath and M. A. Ratner, Physics Today 56, 43 (2003) [2] J. R. Reimers, C. A. Picconnatto, J. C. Ellenbogen, and R. Shashidhar (eds.), Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 1006 (2003) [5] J. R. Heath, P. J. Kuekes, G. S. Snider and R. S. Williams, Science 280, 1716 (1998) [6] Y. Wada, Proc. IEEE 89, 8 (2001) [7] J. M. Tour, W. L. Zandt, C. P. Husband, S. M. Husband, L. S. Wilson, P. D. Franzon and D. P. Nackashi, IEEE Trans. Nanotech, 1, 2 (2002) [8] M. Macucci, G. Iannacone, L. Bonci and M. Girlanda, IEE Proc. Circuits Devices Syst. 151, 5 (2004) [9] A. Chaudhary, D. Z. Chen, X. S. Hu, M. T. Niemeier, R. Ravichandran and K. Whitton, IEEE Trans Comp. Aided Des. Int. Cir. Sys. 26, 11 (2007) [10] A. Aviram and M. A. Ratner, Chem. Phys. Lett., 29, 277 (1974) [11] J. C. Ellenbogen and J. C. Love, Proceedings IEEE 88 (3), 386 (2000) [12] Thomas Bjà ¸rnholm References:Tue Hassenkam, Kasper Moth-oulsen, Nicolai Stuhr-Hansen, Kasper Nà ¸rgaard, M. S. Kabir, and Thomas Bjà ¸rnholm. Self-Assembly and Conductive Properties of Molecularly Linked Gold Nanowires. Nano Letters, 4 (1), 19 -22, 2004. [13]. A. J. Heinrich et al., Science 298, 1381 (2002). [13] A. Bachtold, P. Hadley, T. Nakanishi, C. Dekker, Science 294, 1317 (2001); Y. Huang, Science 294, 1313 (2001); P. Avouris et al., Physica B 323, 6 (2002); Y. Chen et al., Nanotechnology 14, 462 (2003). [14] A. DeHon, in Proc. First Workshop on Non-Silicon Computation, available at http://www.cs.caltech.edu/research/ic/ pdf/molecular_nsc2002.pdf [15] P. J. Kuekes, R. S. Williams, â€Å"Demultiplexer for a Molecular Wire Crossbar Network,† US Patent 6,256,767 (3 July 2001) [16] A. J. Heinrich et al., Science 298, 1381 (2002). [17] D. Porath, A. Bezryadin, S. de Vries, C. Dekker, Nature 403, 635 (2000). [18] Nitzan, A, Ratner, M 2003, Electron Transport in Molecular Wire Junctions, Science, 5624, p. 1384, JSTOR Journals, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 May 2015. [19] Savoie, B, Jackson, N, Chen, L, Marks, T, Ratner, M 2014, Mesoscopic features of charge generation in organic semiconductors, Accounts Of Chemical Research, 47, 11, p. 3385-3394, Scopus ®, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 May 2015. [20] Cao, M, Deng, L, Xu, H 2015, Study of PNA-DNA hybridization by AFM-based single-molecule force spectroscopy, Colloids And Surfaces A: Physicochemical And Engineering Aspects, 470, p. 46-51, Scopus ®, EBSCOhost, viewed 7 May 2015.

Sports Ethics Essay -- Athletics Sports Ethics Drug Abuse Essays

Sports Ethics Vince Lombardi, most likely the best coach to ever lead a team to victory or multiple ones on a football field. His ethics sometimes questionable, but never misunderstood, were always meant to lead and encourage his team to be nothing but the best, and the best was achieved in 1967. After nine incredible winning seasons with the Green Bay Packers, Lombardi decided to retire as head coach. The Packers had dominated professional football under his direction, collecting six division titles, five NFL championships, two Super Bowls and acquiring a record of 98-30-4. After less than a year, however, he realized that he still wanted to coach. He accepted the head coaching position for the Washington Redskins in 1969. During that season, he kept what had become the Lombardi tradition and led the Redskins to their first winning record in 14 years. In January of 1970, his professional coaching record stood at a remarkable 105-35-6, and the NFL named him their acclaimed "1960s Man of the Decad e."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His statement that â€Å"winning is the only thing that matters in sport†, is one of the truths that is still inherent in today’s world of sports. Athletes are willing to cheat to guarantee success, either through the use of performance-enhancing drugs, or through the act of injuring others. These days, drugs, blood doping, corruption, injuring others and the consequences of winning and more importantly losing is all evident. Lombardi’s statement is not only applicable to athletes, but it also applies to the countries that the athletes are representing. Events such as the Olympics and the World Cup of Hockey, are a source of national pride and some countries are willing, and fully wanting to try and do anything to bring prestige back, many of them resorting to unethical tactics. Lombardi’s statement does not only affect players, or athletes, it also affects coaches, owners, and managers. They too place winning as their number one concer n. In many cases, fair play generally takes a back seat to the desire for winning. The truth of the matter is that, some will bend rules, while others will outright cheat. The corruptness of sports today has lead to the endless methods and desires of unethical behaviour.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the history of ethics there are three principal standards of conduct, each of which has been proposed as the highest good: happiness or pleasure; du... ...n the world of sports today. Although many people put a huge influence on winning, many if not more put more of an influence on losing, or trying not to. Winning is not a sometime thing; it's an all the time thing. You don't win once in a while; you don't do things right once in a while; you do them right all the time. Winning is a habit. Unfortunately, so is losing –Vince Lombardi –. Works Cited 1. A September to Remember. 7 Apr. 2001 . 2. Beckham, Darren. Blood Doping: Is It Really Worth It? 25 Apr. 2001 . 3. Jennings, Andrew. The New Lords of the Rings. Toronto: Pocket Books, 1996. 4. Lajis, Razak Haji. The History Of Drug Abuse In Sports. 14 Apr. 2001 . 5. Microsoft Encarta (http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761555614&pn=1&s=1#s1). 6. Simon, Robert L. Fair Play Sports, Values, & Society. San Francisco: Westview Press, 1991. 7. Stoll, Sharon Kay. Who Says This is Cheating. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1993. 8. Ten Controversial Olympic Moments. 15 Apr. 2001 . 9. Vince Lombardi Homepage http://www.vincelombardi.com/bio.html 10. Washington Post. The Tonya Harding Nancy Kerrigan Saga. 12 Apr. 2001 .

Ray Carvers collection Where Im Calling From :: Ray Carver Essays

Ray Carver's collection "Where I'm Calling From" After reading more than a dozen of Ray Carver’s short stories from his collection Where I'm Calling From, I have to ask the question, "Where was Carver calling from?" On the surface, his stories seem very simple. They are about people with average jobs such as hotel managers, waitresses, salesmen, and secretaries, who live unsophisticated, mediocre lives. Below the surface, however, there is always more to be discovered if the reader is willing to put forth a little bit of effort. Carver obviously put a lot of thought into his stories. The least that we, as readers, can do is scratch the surface a little, or better yet, dig deep into his words to see what he is really trying to say to us. This is a task that is easier said than done. One story that does not seem quite as difficult as some others to interpret is "They’re Not Your Husband." Carver actually tells us quite a bit about Earl and Doreen if, once again, we are willing to look for the hidden clues. Earl is a salesman who is currently unemployed. He is looking for work, and he does find a sales job, but not a paying one. When he overhears two of his wife’s customers commenting on her "fat ass" (Magee), and saying, "Some jokers like their quim fat" (Carver 45), Earl realizes who his next sales pitch will be aimed at. Not wanting to be considered a joker, he decides to "sell" Doreen on the idea of losing weight (Magee). Using his sales tactics, Earl cautiously presents his "product" to Doreen. At first she is surprised because he has never brought up her weight before, but Earl is able to convince her that she should go on a diet without upsetting her. "‘All right,’ she said. I’ll try. For a few days I’ll give it a try. You’ve convinced me"’ (Carver 47). After hearing this, Earl replies, "I’m a closer" (Carver 47). Earl feels that he has successfully closed the deal but if we keep digging, we see something more. John Magee, in his article on "They’re Not Your Husband" for The Explicator, says, "Drop the c from 'closer’and 'loser’ emerges, which is what Earl is" (2). Earl is a loser because he thinks that the way his wife looks says something about him. He hopes that if he can successfully help Doreen begin to look better, he may start to feel better about himself.

Reducing oil dependence in United States of America Essay

Fossil fuels such as oil are the main source of energy used especially for modern vehicles. An important strategy to cut the oil dependence would be to use electricity as the source of energy because electricity is cheap and surplus in America (Sandalow, 2008). In order to reduce the oil dependence for the vehicles, the vehicles that run on electricity has to be generated. Although such vehicles are present, with the use of improved technologies, still better engines, which are light and which require less time for recharging could be produced and the dependence on oil could be reduced to a great extent. Here the electricity that is produced in an electrochemical cell is used. Although there are other methods of generating electricity such as utilizing wind power, solar energy etc, the use of such energy for vehicles in a feasible manner require much more research. Since the vehicles are the major consumer of oil, the best strategy to reduce oils dependence would be to use electrical energy from a battery to replace fuels used in vehicles. Foods with â€Å"no sugar added† label attached Sugar is a form of carbohydrate, which is one of the major nutrients required by our body. There are simple sugars as well as complex sugars. The sugar, which is added in the food, â€Å"table sugar†, is a simple sugar. Other forms of simple sugar such are lactose, fructose etc are present in foods such as milk, fruits, honey etc. The complex sugars such as starch are present in plenty in cereals, vegetables etc. These complex sugars would be converted into simple sugars in the body and can influence the blood glucose levels. Any food in which cereals, milk, fruits, vegetables etc are the ingredients, would contain significant amount of sugars. So even if sugar is not added in a food, it may contain sugar that would be dangerous for a diabetic patient. So even when the label â€Å"no sugar added† is there on any food item, it doesn’t mean a diabetic patient can safely consume that food. References Sandalow, D. (2009) Ending Oil Dependence :Protecting National Security, the Environment and the Economy. http://abcnews. go. com/images/Politics/PB_Energy_Sandalow. pdf. 2008 (accessed on 6 February 2009) Danoff, R. (2009) â€Å"No Sugar Added† Is Not a Free Ride. http://health. msn. com/health-topics/diabetes/articlepage. aspx? cp-documentid=100120404&vv=650 (accessed on 6 February 2009)

The Discipline And Discharge Of Employees

Discipline, in the context of a work place, can be defined as the act of implementing acceptable behavior in wayward employees to create a comfortable working environment. Discharge of an employee means to dismiss him or her from their job. The discipline and discharge of employees tends to be a thorny issue at any work place. No person really wants to be told they are wrong or that they are lagging behind in their work, that they do not show team spirit or are rude to colleagues and disrespectful to those in charge.Just as there are guidelines on how to handle other issues that may arise at work, there are also guidelines on how to discipline and discharge employees. Though they are generally tenacious duties to carry out, with the right approach, it can be done without leaving one feeling like the offender. Approaches to discipline at the work place There are four major areas which cost employers the most when it comes to discipline. These are namely, absenteeism, wasted time, subs tance abuse and pilfering (Levine, 1998). The objectives of discipline are basically accepted as good.They are accepted as being vital to the work place. Discipline is necessary to promote the health and safety of all employees, to protect company property, to ensure steady production and to create a pleasant working environment. The controversy comes about in how should these disciplinary measures be taken (Levine, 1998). There are two approaches that can be taken toward employee discipline, that of being lax on the rules without clearly outlining what they are to create a freer atmosphere or that of letting employees know all the rules and the penalties for violating them.Though management can argue that outlining all the dos and don’ts will make their employees feel as though they are children who cannot tell between right and wrong, it has been shown that taking the lax approach is detrimental to a good working environment. In the case of a lawsuit, the employer stands to lose if there are no formal and written documents outlining the discipline code expected by the employer. Again, the relaxing of rules gives a green light to mutinous employees who will incite a good number into a sort of rebellion.And again, the lack of a written statement that covers various violations and accorded remonstrations may make employees think that they might misbehave without being punished (Levine, 1998). When it comes to employee discipline, management can borrow a leaf from educators who believe that there should be a middle ground. This means that discipline should not be taken to extremes with rigid unbendable rules and constant monitoring. The message that should be passed across to the employees is that there is a limit to their expression and behavior which affects not only themselves but the rest of their team.They must also be made to understand that their bad behavior brings down the whole team and there are consequences for misbehavior which they must face (Levine, 1998). The written rules should not take on a confrontational tone. Rather, they should sound like they solely have the employee’s welfare in mind. On the other hand the rules should not sound apologetic. The wording should not bring about any ambiguity. Let the statements be simple and to the point with the offense and punishments clearly outlined (Levine, 1998). Though there may be general rules to offenses, it is best to treat each case of misconduct as an isolated incident.Management has to consider under what circumstance the rules were broken. For example if an employee is an hour late for work an investigation has to be done into his late coming to see if it is justifiable. The employer has to consider also the employee’s record of time keeping thus determining what disciplinary action to take (Levine, 1998). It is paramount that the punishment stipulated for any misdeed should be to make the employee see his mistake. Never should a punishment be given for the sake of punishing. An employee should be able to learn from his error as the employer stresses on the mistake, not the person who has made it.The punishment should also be equitable to the offense being neither too grievous nor too light (Levine, 1998). Finally there should be no favorism shown by the employer when it comes to meting out punishment. All employees should be punished accordingly when on the wrong. If there are signs that some employees are getting off too lightly, there will be resentments held amongst the workers. This will not create amiable working environment (Levine, 1998). What is thornier than disciplining an employee is discharging one. There is just no easy way of informing a person that his employment is being terminated.The ex-employee may feel aggravated to the point of filing a lawsuit. How does an employer minimize the probability of being taken to court or in the event of that happening and prove he fired his employee on perfectly legal grounds ? There are cases where employers discharge employees on personal reasons, discriminating on grounds of sex, religion, color, race, age or physical disability. If an employee is fired on these grounds, he has the right to sue, as long as he can convince the court that he was wronged. On the other hand, an employer can fire his employee with due process and respect.The correct way of going about this is to inform the employee of what is expected of him, in detail. If he shows deficiencies, inform him in detail how he can upgrade his performance. The employer should give a verbal warning for misconduct followed by a written warning, a suspension and finally discharge. At no point should the employer show contempt toward his employee. The employer should also keep detailed records of the employers misdemeanor in the case that a lawsuit is filed by the employee. With the proper guidelines and attitude, an employer can instill the required discipline in his workers without raising aggres sion or hostility.It is important that the employer lead by example to encourage his employees to follow suit. With discipline, there is a relaxed working atmosphere and greater output seen. Disciplinary policies and procedures We have already what disciplinary problems are that may be experienced at work and divided them into four broad categories: absenteeism, time wasting, substance abuse and pilfering. Though the employee is free to choose the mode of punishment, there are general policies that are used to outline these punishments.It is the intent of any disciplinary policy to anticipate possible acts of violation of company policy and to encourage employees to change their behavior before it becomes chronic or intolerable leaving discharge as the only viable option (Normand, 2006). The first thing that management must ensure in implementing policies is to keep up consistency. Employees do complain of their bosses as being ‘unpredictable’ and ‘capricious†™. This may be because of having no formally written out rules and regulations outlining the punishments for wrongdoing.It may also be because of leniency or favorism on the employer’s part. Disciplinary policies should be adhered to without regard to friendship or family ties. It should be noted that the punishment policies include all personnel all the way up to management (Normand, 2006). There are stages in notifying an employee of his misconduct depending on the grievousness of the offense and the number of times the offense has been repeated in the past by said employee. The first can be done verbally then in written form followed by a suspension if need be and ultimately a dismissal.For small offenses, the employee can give up to four repeats with a graver consequence for each repeat. No the other hand, an offense as grave as possession of or working under the influence of controlled substances could and should be met with an outright discharge (Normand, 2006). Since in the present day, employee lawsuits seem to be the norm, it is imperative that written warnings given to the employee and duly signed by the offended and the offensive party be kept as part of the employee’s record for future reference (Normand, 2006).In summary, when implementing disciplinary policies at work, make it clear to the employee what his mistake is, give appropriate punishment in accordance with the misdemeanor. Punishment must be administered within an acceptable time limit, ensuring that it is not delayed as its impact will be significantly reduced. Importantly above all, keep written records in case a dismissal boomerangs in the company’s face. Managerial ethics in employee relations Ethics is the learning process of differentiating between right and wrong and making the decision to do the right thing.But is this case really applicable at the work place? Are there not a lot of grey areas where the line between right and wrong is too thin? Business eth ics generally can mean to know what is right or wrong in the workplace and choosing to do what is right, this being in regard of products, services and relationships. The role of business ethics is to help managers know how to react when ethical issues arise (McNamara, 1997). Managing ethics has several benefits for both the employee and the employer and employee in the work place.In times of rapid change like the times we live in, business ethics act as a moral compass for management, making it easier to make right and moral decisions. Ethics also play a role in cultivating strong teamwork and discipline by aligning employee discipline towards those behaviors that their employers want. By having open dialogue with employees that the management wants, feelings of integrity and trust are built, features that are essential in building a strong team spirit (McNamara, 1997). Ethics policies also help employees grow as individuals.It helps them face reality, both good and bad, about them selves and their work place. It gives them the confidence to admit their mistakes and shortcomings (McNamara, 1997). The ethics programs help identify values that management wants to uphold, then aligns the employees behavior to uphold these values. Indirectly, this leads to higher quality assurance in the products and services delivered by the company, because the employees will pay greater attention to detail. The employees will also put greater value on the client satisfaction and work harder to achieve this (McNamara, 1997).Having an ethics program goes a long way in improving a company’s public image. Potential clients will feel reassured on learning that they will not only get value products but that their interactions with the employees of that company will be conducted with regard to their human dignity and respect for their needs. The word ‘ethicical’ inspires in one the confidence to trust that the person they are dealing with is not out to get the bett er of them. It would work the same way for a company (McNamara, 1997). Having strong workplace ethics has several benefits as has been outlined.Nut how does one an ethical working environment? One, there is the need to recognize that inculcating ethical behavior in employees is a process that takes time. It is said that old habits die hard, thus the employer should not expect employees to ‘unlearn’ bad behaviors overnight. It takes time and patience to get employees to abide by a certain code of ethics (McNamara, 1997). The ethical approach taken by a company should be practical, workable and beneficial. The expected change in behavior should bring a corresponding increase in productivity.The management should work towards integrating ethics management with other management practices so as to show employees that it is given equal weight. This also allows for management to allow their employees to know what ethical behavior is expected of them (McNamara, 1997). Forgivene ss within a company fosters an amenable environment. To err is human and where there are several people involved, there will be mistakes made. It is important that mistakes be recognized as such and be let go off, not bringing them up to the surface whenever there is a disagreement (McNamara, 1997).If a company is to succeed in instilling ethics in its employees, it must develop an appropriate code of conduct. There are essentials that are applied in outlining the code of conduct to be used by the company as guiding its ethical principles (McNamara, 1997). The management has to identify the key behaviors that it wants its employees to develop and then incorporate in the code of conduct. When writing out a code of conduct, use wording that stipulates that the code is to apply to all employees (McNamara, 1997).Before implementing the code of conduct, management should obtain opinions from key people on its workability and its practicality. Management has to distribute written copies o f the code to employees so that they do not give the excuse of ignorance if they are caught in acts that go against recommended behavior (McNamara, 1997). In conclusion, cultivating a healthy working environment is of the greatest essence but it is a challenging task that is full of pitfalls. The employer is charged with this multi faceted task that with the proper guidelines he or she can achieve with minimum damage.